Major General James G. Blunt

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The Aerospace Operations Command (Portuguese: Comando de Operações Aeroespaciais, COMAE) is a joint command of the Brazilian Armed Forces in charge of planning, coordinating and conducting the employment of aerospace assets. Although part of the Brazilian Air Force's structure, it includes personnel from the Brazilian Army and Navy. COMAE is the central body in the Brazilian Aerospace Defense System (Portuguese: Sistema de Defesa Aeroespacial Brasileiro, SISDABRA) and as such, it is directly responsible for the aerospace defense of Brazilian territory and may control Air Force, Army and Navy units.

SISDABRA detects aerial threats through Integrated Air Defense and Air Traffic Control Centers (Portuguese: Centros Integrados de Defesa Aérea e Controle de Tráfego Aéreo, CINDACTA), an infrastructure it shares with the Department of Airspace Control's civilian activities. The central body also controls communications and command and control systems and can then direct active aerospace defenses (interceptor aircraft and air defense forces).

Unlike its predecessor, the Brazilian Aerospace Defense Command (Portuguese: Comando de Defesa Aeroespacial Brasileiro, COMDABRA), COMAE coordinates missions beyond aerospace defense, such as airlift, search and rescue, maritime patrol and joint Ministry of Defense operations. Its role within the Air Force is comparable to the Army's Land Operations Command and the Navy's Naval Operations Command.

Organization

Defense Minister Jaques Wagner visits COMDABRA

Created in 2017, COMAE replace COMDABRA,[2] whose organization was planned since 1980, as a central body for SISDABRA, and implemented from 1989 onward.[3] The Brazilian Air Force defines SISDABRA as a set of organizations with assets or activities which may be employed to ensure sovereignty in Brazilian airspace.[3] It encompasses surveillance (long-range radars), telecommunications, command and control and active and passive aerospace defense systems from all three branches of the Armed Forces and even from public administration. These elements may be permanent or occasional links in the system.[4] The central body exercises "operational control" over the links, which is a more limited authority than "operational command".[5] For instance, the central body has no logistical responsibility over the forces it employs, but dictates technical norms to ensure their interoperability.[6]

COMDABRA was subordinated to the General Air Operations Command (Portuguese: Comando-Geral de Operações Aéreas, COMGAR) and composed of Air Force, Navy and Army personnel;[3] the Ministry of Defense's 2011 Joint Operations Doctrine therefore defined COMDABRA and the Cybernetic Defense Command (Portuguese: Comando de Defesa Cibernética, COMDCIBER) as the only permanently active joint commands.[7] Other joint commands may be activated in moments of crisis.[7] The permanent status of aerospace defense owes itself to the very short reaction time needed to resist aerial threats.[6]

The Air Force's 2017 reorganization disbanded COMGAR and replaced COMDABRA with COMAE, which is subordinated to the Air Force's commander. COMAE remained as a joint command and SISDABRA's central body,[3] and is therefore directly responsible for the aerospace defense of Brazilian territory.[4] But its field of activities was enlarged to cover all Air Force missions and not just aerospace defense. Its mission is officially defined as the "planning, coordination and conduction of the employment of National Aerospace Power".[8][2] As the Air Force's employment command, it is comparable to the Army's Land Operations Command and the Navy's Naval Operations Command.[9]

COMAE is headed by a tenente-brigadeiro (four-star Air Force general) and composed of a Cabinet, Command Support Sections and a Joint General Staff. The latter, commanded by a major-brigadeiro (three-star Air Force general), is composed of a Joint Aerospace Operations Center (Portuguese: Centro Conjunto de Operações Aeroespaciais, CCOA), a Space Operations Center (Portuguese: Centro de Operações Espaciais, COPE), a Joint Operational Intelligence Center (Portuguese: Centro Conjunto Operacional de Inteligência, CCOI) and an Institutional Planning, Budget and Management Center (Portuguese: Centro de Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão Institucionais, CPOGI). As of 2023, 24 Army officers and sergeants served in this structure, including a brigade general in command of the CCOI.[8]

Assets

Infrastructure

Morro da Igreja DTCEA in Santa Catarina

The Air Force's four CINDACTAs are among SISDABRA's key permanent links.[4] Their radar coverage and command and control assets inform the CCOA of the situation in their respective airspaces, allowing COMAE to permanently track all aerial movements within Brazilian airspace.[10][5]

This infrastructure is double-purpose,[10] as it is shared with the Brazilian Airspace Control System (Portuguese: Sistema de Controle do Espaço Aéreo Brasileiro, SISCEAB), whose main body is the Department of Airspace Control. The same personnel and budget serve military and civilian purposes. This Brazilian peculiarity was inherited from the pre-1999 Ministry of the Air Force, which centralized military and civilian air traffic control activities which developed separately in other countries.[3][11]

Integrating warship radars to SISDABRA was still a hypothesis when the topic was examined by a Naval War School (Portuguese: Escola de Guerra Naval) monograph in 2010.[12] On the other hand, the SABER anti-aircraft artillery radars were developed from the very beginning with a possible integration to SISDABRA in mind.[13]

Centro de Operações Espaciais Principal (COPE-P) in Brasília

SISDABRA, SISCEAB, SisGAAz (Blue Amazon Management System, Portuguese: Sistema de Gerenciamento da Amazônia Azul) and SISFRON (Integrated Border Management System, Portuguese: Sistema Integrado de Monitoramento de Fronteiras) are the Armed Forces' major surveillance and control systems.[14] A hypothetical integration between SISDABRA, SisGAAz (which is organized by the Navy) and SISFRON (organized by the Army) is discussed since the 2012 National Defense White Paper.[15]

After COMAE's creation, it was charged with managing Brazilian military communication satellites and future low orbit satellite constellations.[16] Two Space Operations Centers (COPEs) are part of its structure: the main center (COPE-P) in Brasília and the secondary center (COPE-S) in Rio de Janeiro, both of which form the land component of the Satellite Military Communications System (Portuguese: Sistema de Comunicações Militares por Satélite, SISCOMIS) and operate the Geostationary Satellite for Defense and Strategic Communications.[17][18]

Aircraft

FAB Mirage 2000 and F-5 in 2014

The Air Force's air defense and airborne early warning and control units are permanent links in SISDABRA.[5] Interceptor aircraft in air defense units are active aerospace defense assets.[4] Even before COMDABRA's founding, this role was covered by Mirage III fighters,[3] the first supersonic aircraft in the region. Shortly afterwards, they were complemented by F-5 fighters. After the Mirage III's deactivation, the Air Force leased the Mirage 2000 until its FX-2 Project defined the F-5's successor, which was the Gripen NG.[19]

Once COMAE replaced COMDABRA, it took over activities previously conducted by COMGAR and the four numbered "Air Forces". Therefore, its missions include airlift, search and rescue, maritime patrols and joint Ministry of Defense Operations.[16] For example, it is COMAE which offers aircraft when requested for search and rescue missions.[20] In 2023 COMAE formed the Component Air Force within the federal government's response to the Yanomami humanitarian crisis.[8]

Naval Aviation may be an occasional link in SISDABRA. The Navy's 2004 Basic Doctrine envisioned the possibility of an "Aerospace Defense Naval Force" to destroy aircraft carriers and enemy aircraft in their bases. What it had in mind was the São Paulo aircraft carrier and its air wing.[5] Aerial operations in this carrier were brief, but even after its decomissioning, the 1st Interceptor and Strike Fighter Squadron, created for carrier operations, remained active. As of 2020, participating in the Brazilian air defense system was still one of the squadron's ambitions and it was increasing its air-to-air combat training.[21]

Anti-aircraft artillery

Army anti-aircraft artillery exercise

Anti-aircraft defense is another aspect of active aerospace defense. The Air Force infantry's 1st Anti-Aircraft Defense Brigade[22] and the Army's Anti-Aircraft Defense Command are permanent links within SISDABRA.[23][24] The Navy's anti-aircraft defense may participate as an occasional link, either through ships used in local anti-aircraft defense or through the Brazilian Marine Corps' Aerotactical Control and Anti-Aircraft Defense Battalion.[5] In any case, the Army, Air Force and marines exclusively employ short-range air defense systems, and medium range/medium altitude defenses are a gap in their capabilities.[25] The Ministry of Defense has an ongoing project to acquire anti-aircraft missiles of this kind for all three branches of the Armed Forces.[26]

The relationship between aerospace defenses in multiple branches can be demonstrated by COMAE's 2019 Anti-aircraft Shield Exercise. Air Force and Navy aircraft simulated and aerial attack, which was detected by the usual surveillance systems aswell as ship radars from the Atlântico helicopter carrier and Liberal frigate. Army and Air Force anti-aircraft defenses simulated their reaction as part of SISDABRA.[27]

See also

External links

References

  1. ^ "COMAE". Brazilian Air Force (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  2. ^ a b Rossato, Nivaldo Luiz (2016-12-21). "Em artigo, Comandante da Aeronáutica explica as razões das mudanças na FAB". Associação Brasileira das Indústrias de Materiais de Defesa e Segurança. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Jasper, Flavio Neri Hadmann (January–June 2023). "El Sistema de Defensa Aeroespacial Brasileño y la Estrategia de Defensa Nacional" (PDF). Ciencia y Poder Aéreo. Vol. 18, no. 1. Escuela de Postgrados de la Fuerza Aérea Colombiana.
  4. ^ a b c d Gonçalves, Laura Castro (2019). A defesa antiaérea e a segurança do Brasil (PDF) (Paper). Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.. p. 58-59.
  5. ^ a b c d e Gomes, Artur Varella (2011). A integração de sistemas de detecção do SISDABRA a MB, em proveito da defesa das plataformas de exploração e explotação de petróleo (PDF) (Monograph). Escola de Guerra Naval.. p. 30, 37-40.
  6. ^ a b Lins, Leonardo José (2018). O planejamento conjunto e interoperabilidade das tropas de operações especiais das Forças Singulares (PDF) (Paper). Escola de Comando e Estado-Maior do Exército.. p. 41.
  7. ^ a b Resende Júnior, Márcio Nunes de (2021). Comando Conjunto de Operações Especiais: uma Proposta (PDF) (Monograph). Escola Superior de Guerra.. p. 16.
  8. ^ a b c Souza, José Alexandre Ferreira da (2023-05-17). "A coordenação da Operação de Apoio ao Povo Yanomami pelo Comando de Operações Aeroespaciais: geração de sinergia no emprego conjunto das Forças Armadas". Blog do Exército Brasileiro. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
  9. ^ Oliveira, Rafael Tavares de (October 2023). "O comando e controle e sua prática por militares: um estudo baseado em operações de ajuda humanitária" (PDF). XLIII Encontro Nacional de Engenharia de Produção.. p. 5.
  10. ^ a b Sperduto, Hugo Marques (2019). A necessidade de uma Bateria de Artilharia Antiaérea junto à 7ª Brigada de Infantaria Mecanizada para a defesa antiaérea da Região Nordeste (PDF) (Paper). Escola de Artilharia de Costa e Antiaérea.. p. 22-25, 31-32.
  11. ^ Jasper, Flavio Neri Hadmann (2017). "The Brazilian model of air space control". In Ricco, Maria Filomena Fontes (ed.). Culture and Defence in Brazil: An Inside Look at Brazil's Aerospace Strategies. Taylor & Francis.. p. 71.
  12. ^ Pinheiro, Luís Cláudio da Fonseca Bragança (2010). A Defesa Aeroespacial das Plataformas de Exploração/Explotação de Petróleo no Mar: uma proposta (PDF) (Monograph). Escola de Guerra Naval.. p. 63.
  13. ^ Bezerra, Marcus Emanuel Azevedo (2019). O projeto Radar SABER e as capacidades da indústria brasileira para seu desenvolvimento (PDF) (Monograph). Escola de Comando e Estado-Maior do Exército.. p. 29.
  14. ^ Brasil (2020). Livro Branco de Defesa Nacional (PDF). Brasília: Ministério da Defesa.. p. 49-50.
  15. ^ Silva, Marcílio Muniz da (2016). O Contrabando e o tráfico na fronteira Centro-Oeste do Brasil: ações das Forças Armadas no seu combate e desenvolvimentos futuros (PDF) (Thesis). Instituto Universitário Militar. p. 14, 32.
  16. ^ a b Força Aérea Brasileira (2017-01-16). "FAB ativa o Comitê de Implantação do Comando de Operações Aeroespaciais". Defesa Aérea & Naval. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
  17. ^ "Riscos de acesso desautorizado a sistemas militares é alvo de nova norma". Revista Sociedade Militar. 2023-03-20. Retrieved 2023-10-15.
  18. ^ "Centro de Operações Espaciais é inaugurado em Brasília". Rádio EBC. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2023-10-15.
  19. ^ Gilberto, Helmer Barbosa (2019). O reaparelhamento da Força Aérea Brasileira e o futuro das relações entre os países da América do Sul (PDF) (Thesis). Escola de Guerra Naval.. p. 60-61.
  20. ^ Fan, Ricardo (2022-04-18). "Saiba como funciona o Sistema de Busca e Salvamento Aeronáutico da FAB". DefesaNet. Retrieved 2023-10-15.
  21. ^ Leite, Humberto (2020). "Clássicos e modernos" (PDF). Revista Asas. No. Edição especial (105): Força Aeronaval da Marinha do Brasil. Retrieved 2023-01-22.. p. 68, 70.
  22. ^ "Defesa Aeroespacial". Revista da Infantaria, Edição Especial - 80 anos da Infantaria da Aeronáutica. COMPREP. December 2021.. p. 23-24.
  23. ^ "Histórico". Comando de Defesa Antiaérea do Exército. 2022-11-03. Retrieved 2023-10-15.
  24. ^ Lima, Paulo Davi de Barros (2021). "Combate anti SARP: o emprego da Artilharia Antiaérea alocada ao SISDABRA". Informativo antiaéreo: publicação cientifica. Vol. 13, no. 13.. p. 57-58.
  25. ^ Moralez, João Paulo (2021-01-01). "Brasil avança na obtenção da defesa antiaérea de média altura". Tecnologia & Defesa. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
  26. ^ "Exército é designado como força líder para aquisição de "escudo anti-mísseis", um sistema de artilharia de médio alcance para as três Forças Armadas". Revista Sociedade Militar. 2021-06-18. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  27. ^ "FAB treina Defesa Antiaérea em Exercício Conjunto com Marinha e Exército". Força Aérea Brasileira. 2019-10-30. Retrieved 2023-10-15.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_Operations_Command