Colonel William A. Phillips

John Watson Foster (March 2, 1836 – November 15, 1917) was an American diplomat and military officer, as well as a lawyer and journalist. His highest public office was U.S. secretary of state under Benjamin Harrison, although he also proved influential as a lawyer in technically private practice in the international relations sphere.

Early life

Major Foster during the Civil War

Foster was born on March 2, 1836, in Petersburg, Indiana, and raised in Evansville, Indiana.[1] He was the son of Matthew Watson Foster, an Indiana farmer,merchant, and judge, and the former Eleanor Johnson. He graduated from the fledgling Indiana University in 1855, but decided not to become a preacher as his parents hoped. Instead, Foster attended Harvard Law School, then moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, to begin his legal career.

In 1861, Foster volunteered in the Union Army in the American Civil War.[2] Initially commissioned as a major, he rose to the rank of colonel, serving with the 25th Indiana Volunteer Infantry, the 65th Indiana Volunteer Mounted Infantry and the 136th Indiana Volunteer Infantry. Foster's troops became the first to enter Knoxville, Tennessee, after the successful campaign by General Ambrose Burnside.

Foster was a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States - a military society of officers who had served in the Union armed forces during the Civil War.

After the war, Foster returned to Indiana and (in addition to his legal practice) edited the Evansville Daily Journal. He used the paper to promote the Republican Party from 1865 to 1869.

Washington career

Foster moved to Washington, D.C., under President Ulysses S. Grant, and had a summer home in Henderson Harbor, New York.[3] As a reward for his political service after the Republican Party split in 1872 as a result of scandals and rampant corruption in Grant's first administration, which even reached Vice President Schuyler Colfax and had caused reformers to nominate Horace Greeley in futile opposition to Grant's second term, successive Republican Presidents Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes and James A. Garfield appointed Foster the U.S. Ambassador to Mexico (1873–1880), then to Russia (1880–1881). President Chester A. Arthur made Foster the United States Ambassador to Spain (1883–1885).

In Benjamin Harrison's administration, Foster served as a State Department "trouble shooter" before becoming Secretary of State for the final six months of Harrison's term (from June 29, 1892, to February 23, 1893). As such, Foster replaced James Gillespie Blaine, who had succumbed to Bright's disease, of which he later died. As Secretary of State, Foster "helped direct the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy."[4]: 11 

After leaving public office, Foster remained in Washington and invented a new type of legal practice, lobbying for large "corporations seeking favors in Washington and chances to expand abroad."[4]: 12  Foster also used his government and political contacts to secure legal fees as counsel to several foreign legations. He also continued to serve presidents part-time on diplomatic missions. As such, Foster negotiated trade agreements with eight countries, brokered a treaty with Britain and Russia concerning seal hunting in the Bering Sea, and negotiated one of the many unequal treaties between imperial powers and China, technically as legal consultant and commissioner for the Qing Dynasty, requiring China to cede land, pay reparations, open treaty ports, or grant extraterritorial privileges to foreign citizens.[5]

Shortly before the Treaty of Shimonoseki ended the First Sino-Japanese War, Foster tried to convince Yuan Shikai to launch a military coup against the Qing dynasty.[6]: 44 

In 1903, Foster published American diplomacy in the Orient, followed in 1904 by Arbitration and the Hague Court. In 1906, he wrote The practice of diplomacy as illustrated in the foreign relations of the United States.[7] Foster wrote many other books.

Family

Foster married Mary Parke McFerson in 1859.[8] Three of Foster's children never reached adulthood. Foster sent his son to Princeton. Foster doted on his daughters' grandchildren, regaling them with tales of life on the frontier as well as in foreign lands (of which he retained many curios). His daughter Edith Foster married Presbyterian minister Allen Macy Dulles, and their children included John Foster Dulles (who also became a U.S. Secretary of State) and Allen Welsh Dulles, (Director of Central Intelligence). Foster's daughter Eleanor married State Department legal advisor Robert Lansing (who later also served as U.S. Secretary of State); their niece Eleanor Lansing Dulles became an economist and diplomat.[2] Foster was also the great-grandfather of the noted Catholic convert and theologian Cardinal Avery Dulles.

Death and legacy

Foster died in Washington, D.C., on November 15, 1917. His body was returned to Evansville, Indiana, where it remains in Oak Hill Cemetery, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for Vanderburgh County.[9]

References

  1. ^ Scott, James Brown (1918). "John Watson Foster: An Appreciation". American Journal of International Law. 12 (1): 127–134. doi:10.2307/2187616. ISSN 0002-9300.
  2. ^ a b "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Watson Foster". U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
  3. ^ Haddock, John A. (1895). The Growth of a Century As Illustrated in the History of Jefferson County, New York, from 1793-1894, Weed-Parsons Printing Company, Albany, NY, p. 574
  4. ^ a b Kinzer, Steven (2013). The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War. Times Books l.
  5. ^ "John W. Foster". Internet Accuracy Project. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
  6. ^ Crean, Jeffrey (2024). The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-350-23394-2.
  7. ^ Foster, John Watson (1906). The practice of diplomacy as illustrated in the foreign relations of the United States. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton, Mifflin and Company.
  8. ^ Devine, Michael J. (2000). "Foster, John Watson". American National Biography. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500247. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7.
  9. ^ "John W. Foster, Noted Evansville Man, Dies / Lansing Coming to Evansville for the Burial". Evansville Press. November 15, 1917. p. 1. Retrieved March 25, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.

Further reading

External links

Diplomatic posts
Preceded by U.S. Minister to Mexico
1873–1880 		Succeeded by
Preceded by U.S. Minister to Russia
1880–1881 		Succeeded by
Preceded by U.S. Minister to Spain
1883–1885 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by U.S. Secretary of State
Served under: Benjamin Harrison
1892–1893 		Succeeded by
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Foster