The Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation is a state-recognized tribe in North Carolina.[3]
They first formed as the Eno Occaneechi Indian Association in 1984[1] but changed their name in 1994.[5][6] They claim descent from the historic Occaneechi, Saponi, and other Eastern Siouan language-speaking Indians who occupied the Piedmont of North Carolina and Virginia.
The tribe maintains an office in Mebane,[2] where it carries out programs to benefit more than 2,000 members.[4] John "Blackfeather" Jeffries (d. 2023) of Hillsborough, North Carolina, served as chairperson for many years.[7]
Historical tribes
Limited documentation exists linking members of the tribe to the historical Occaneechi and Saponi tribes. After warfare in the Southeast in the 18th century, most of the remaining Saponi tribe members went north. In 1740, Saponi migrated to Shamokin in Pennsylvania for protection with the Haudenosaunee.[8][9] In 1711 the majority of Saponi migrated with the Cayuga to near Ithaca, New York, while some remained in Pennsylvania until 1778.[10] After the American Revolution, they relocated with the Iroquois in Canada, as they had been allies of the British.
After the war and migration, the Saponi disappeared from the historical record in the Southeast, in part because of racial discrimination that often included them in records only as free people of color, when the states and federal government had no category in censuses for American Indian.[citation needed] This was especially true in the late 19th and early 20th century, after white Democrats regained control of state legislatures across the South and imposed a binary system of racial segregation.[citation needed]
Remnant Saponi who stayed in North Carolina were mostly acculturated. The community was located at the old "Little Texas" community of Pleasant Grove Township, where the tribe owns 25 acres (100,000 m2) of land.[citation needed] In the 20th century, the tribe worked to revive its cultural traditions.
Nonprofit organization
In 1996, the Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation formed a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization,[2] and Vickie Jeffries serves as the organization's principal officer.[11] Its mission is "to bring awareness and recognition of the Occaneechi Indians."[11]
State-recognition
The state of North Carolina formalized its recognition process for Native American tribes and created the North Carolina Commission of Indian Affairs (NCCIA) in 1971.[12] In January 1990, as the Eno Occaneechi Indian Association, the Occaneechi Band petitioned the NCCIA for state recognition but in 1995, the NCCIA's recognition committee denied recognition to the organization on lack of evidence of its connection to the historical tribes it claimed.[13][5] The committee's denial was based on the "petitioner's failure to meet the required five of eight criteria necessary for such recognition and their failure to establish heritage to an Indian tribe indigenous to North Carolina for at least the last 200 years."[5]
In 1996, Occaneechi Band "filed a petition for contested case hearing with the Office of Administrative Hearings" which precipitated a year and a half of mediation.[5] An administrative law judge recommended the NCCIA committee grant recognition to the Occaneechi Band.[5] The NCCIA recognition committee made its Final Agency Decision against state recognition in June 1999.[5] In August 1999, the Occaneechi Band petitioned the Orange County Superior Court, which ruled in favor of the NCCIA.[5]
In August 2001, Judge Loretta Copeland Biggs ruled in Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation v. North Carolina Commission of Indian Affairs that the commission had not rendered its Final Agency Decision within the allotted time frame, so the administrative law judge's recommendation held, and the Occaneechi Band was state recognized.[5][6]
Federal recognition
The Occaneechi Band of Saponi Nation, represented by Lawrence Dunmore III, sent a letter of intent to petition for U.S. federal recognition as a Native American tribe in 1995, and the Eno-Occaneechi Tribe of Indians sent a letter in 1997;[14] however, neither submitted complete petitions to the Bureau of Indian Affairs.[15]
Activities
The band purchased 24-acres of farmland, where its Homeland Preservation Project constructed a replica of Occaneechi Town, an 1880s-style farm, a 1930-style farm, a dance ground, and pavilion.[16] They rededicated the land in April 2022.[7] There they host their annual powwow on the second weekend in June on Dailey Store Road, ten miles (16 km) north of Mebane.
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c Diane Brook Napier and Suzanne Majhanovich, Education, Dominance and Identity, p. 32.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation". Cause IQ. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
- ^ a b "State Recognized Tribes". National Conference of State Legislatures. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
- ^ a b c Traxler, Victoria (14 November 2018). "Local Native American tribe embraces lineage while looking to the future". Elon News Network. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Occaneechi Band v. Com'n of Indian Affairs, 551 S.E.2d 535 (N.C. Ct. App. 2001)". CourtListener. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
- ^ a b "Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation, Petitioner, V. North Carolina Commission Of Indian Affairs, Respondent". FindLaw. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
- ^ a b McConnell, Brighton (27 January 2023). "Former Occaneechi Tribal Leader, Hillsborough Resident John Jeffries Dies". Chapelboro.com 97.9 The Hill. Chapel Hill Media Group. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ Swanton, The Indian Tribes of North America, 72.
- ^ Vest, An Odyssey among the Iroquois, 128.
- ^ Swanton, The Indian Tribes of North America, 72–73.
- ^ a b "Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation". GuideStar. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
- ^ "Commission of Indian Affairs". North Carolina Department of Administration. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
- ^ Mark Edwin Miller, Claiming Tribal Identity, page 73.
- ^ "List of Petitoners By State" (PDF). www.bia.gov. 12 November 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
- ^ "Petitions in Process". U.S. Department of the Interior Indian Affairs. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
- ^ Diane Brook Napier and Suzanne Majhanovich, Education, Dominance and Identity, p. 33.
References
- Miller, Mark Edwin (2013). Claiming Tribal Identity: The Five Tribes and the Politics of Federal Acknowledgment. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0806143781.
- Napier, Diane Brooke; Majhanovich, Suzanne (2013). Education, Dominance and Identity. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publishers. pp. 32–33. ISBN 9789462091252.
- Swanton, John Reed (1952). The Indian Tribes of North America. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 74. ISBN 9780806317304.
- Vest, Jay Hansford C. (Winter–Spring 2005). "An Odyssey among the Iroquois: A History of Tutelo Relations in New York". American Indian Quarterly. 29 (1–2): 124–55. doi:10.1353/aiq.2005.0072. JSTOR 4138803.
