Elections to the Confederate States Congress were held from May to November 1863,[1] during what was intended to be the first of two midterms within President Jefferson Davis' six-year term. The number of Congressmen in the House of Representatives who openly opposed the policies of President Davis increased from 26 to 41 out of 106,[2][1] while the number of anti-administration Senators went from 11 to 12.[1] The pro-administration Senators thus had a narrow majority of two with 14 out of the 26 seats in the Confederate Senate.[3] The 2nd Confederate States Congress would be seated on May 2, 1864.
General election
The Confederate government did not have formal parties,[1] and candidates ran individual campaigns.[2] Nonetheless, some voters cast their ballots according to past party affiliations such as Democrat or Whig.[4] The lack of parties was popularly believed to be a source of strength,[2] however historians believe that the lack of such organizations prevented Davis from distributing patronage or commanding party loyalty from other elected officials to mobilize support for his policies.[2] Despite this, historians have identified factions or proto-parties.[2] One was largely supportive of President Davis's policies, or Pro-Administration, and the other was largely opposed to Davis' policies, or Anti-Administration.[1] The Anti-Administration faction consisted of former Whigs as well as Fire-Eaters and other former Democrats.[2]
Public grievances with the administration included supply shortages, inflation, and general financial mismanagement.[2] Other issues that featured prominently in the elections were conscription and taxation.[2][1] Anti-Administration candidates decried perceived federal government overreach, including Davis' decision to suspend habeas corpus and impose martial law.[1] Pro-Administration officials attempted to appeal to the Confederate public's loyalty and foster a spirit of self-sacrifice for eventual independence of the Confederate States of America.[1]
In the end, the Pro-Administration faction sustained electoral losses but maintained their majorities in both chambers of the Confederate Congress. Their strongest support came from Confederate soldiers and the Border States.[1] However, this was not without anti-incumbent sentiment. For example, nine of the ten members of Georgia's Congressional delegation were defeated. In terms of policy, the overall sentiment of the Anti-Administration was in favor of the original secession and for continuing the Civil War.[1] Exceptions existed, as none of the newly elected Representatives from North Carolina had voted in favor of secession and five of those who won in North Carolina ran on peace platforms, while anti-secessionist former Whigs gained in Mississippi.[5] Williamson Robert Winfield Cobb of Alabama was so openly in favor of peace that he was not seated by the Confederate Congress.[3][5]
The elections were processed over six months due to the amount of Confederate territory occupied by the Union Army, in addition to all of the absentee ballots necessitated by the large refugee population.[1] Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas sent 32 of the 41 Anti-Administration Congressmen to the House.[4] The majority wielded by the Confederate Congress would not have been possible without the near unified support from the occupied districts.[4] The results of the 1863 election indicating waning public confidence in the Davis administration, and enhanced the political strength of dissenters within the Confederacy.[6]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Spencer C. Tucker (30 September 2013). American Civil War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [6 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. ABC-CLIO. pp. 575–. ISBN 978-1-85109-682-4.
- ^ a b c d e f g h James M. McPherson (11 December 2003). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford University Press. pp. 690–691. ISBN 978-0-19-974390-2.
- ^ a b Allen C. Guelzo (18 May 2012). Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 368–. ISBN 978-0-19-984328-2.
- ^ a b c Wilfred Buck Yearns (1 February 2010). The Confederate Congress. University of Georgia Press. pp. 58–. ISBN 978-0-8203-3476-9.
- ^ a b Paul D. Escott (1 August 1992). After Secession: Jefferson Davis and the Failure of Confederate Nationalism. LSU Press. pp. 155–. ISBN 978-0-8071-1807-8.
- ^ Mary Beth Norton; Jane Kamensky; Carol Sheriff; David W. Blight; Howard Chudacoff (1 January 2014). A People and a Nation, Volume I: to 1877. Cengage Learning. pp. 406–. ISBN 978-1-285-97467-5.
