The Hines' Raid was a Confederate exploratory mission led by Thomas Hines, on orders from John Hunt Morgan, into the state of Indiana in June 1863 during the American Civil War. Hines aimed to prepare the groundwork of Morgan's Raid across the Ohio River into Indiana and Ohio by seeing what support the local Knights of the Golden Circle and Copperheads would provide for the main operation.
Mission
The mission began in Woodbury, Tennessee, on June 10, 1863, where Morgan had a picket camp. At the start of the mission, Hines only told his men that their mission would be "long and dangerous" and allowed any man who did not wish to go to step out; none did. From there, they traveled through Brownsville, Kentucky, and Elizabethtown, Kentucky. At Brownsville, they stole clothing from a Union sutler, consisting of shirts, trousers, and boots of U.S. Army uniforms. The group robbed a train at Elizabethtown, providing Hines' force with U.S. currency. When they reached the Ohio River, Hines informed his men that they would pose as U.S. troops under General Jeremiah T. Boyle with orders to pursue deserters, called the Indiana Grays. The crossing occurred between Alton, Indiana, and Tobinsport, Indiana, on June 18, 1863, presumably near Derby, Indiana.[1]
Once he crossed the Ohio River, Hines' men rode straight to Paoli, Indiana, successfully posing as Union soldiers. While being served dinner in Paoli, actual Indiana Home Guards entered the town and informed the mayor of the deception. The Confederates escaped by convincing a separate band of Home Guards that they were surrounded, taking the best horses the actual Union troops had, and saying the captured Union band was paroled. They then went to French Lick, Indiana where Hines met the local Copperhead leader Doctor William A. Bowles, whose home was a gathering place for the Democratic Party. Bowles told Hines he could raise a force of 10,000, but before the deal was finalized, Hines was told a Union force was approaching, causing him to flee. As a result, there would be no support for Morgan's Raid by them.[2]
From French Lick, Hines' men traveled to Valeene, Indiana. At Valeene, while still posing as U.S. soldiers, they set a house on fire whose occupants refused to give them dinner. This exposed to the local populace that Hines' men were Confederates. A resistance was quickly formed at Paoli. Hines had hired a local man, Bryant Breeden, to guide them to safety. Still, Breeden was strongly pro-Union and instead guided the Confederates onto Little Blue Island, a small island in the middle of the Ohio River near Leavenworth, Indiana. On this island, a skirmish began, killing three Confederate soldiers. Hines fled across the Ohio River with a few of his men, and the remaining Confederate force surrendered after covering Hines' escape. The Corydon Weekly Democrat said of the Home Guards, "Our citizens, though unused to actual war, showed the nerve of soldiers".[3][4][5]
Aftermath
Thomas Hines traveled throughout Kentucky by railroad until it was time to rejoin Morgan, which he did at Brandenburg, Kentucky, being put immediately in command of Morgan's artillery. Hines had to inform Morgan that they would receive no help from Hoosier Confederate sympathizers, which many believe made Morgan decide to deal more harshly with any Hoosier citizen who would later claim to be sympathetic to the Confederate cause. In Morgan's subsequent raid, on July 9, 1863, after capturing Corydon, he ransomed the citizens, partly because of Hines' treatment earlier that year. Lew Wallace would say that his actions discouraged any Hoosiers from helping Hines and Morgan.[6]
Hines' immediate superior and Morgan's second in command, Basil W. Duke, had not previously been informed of Hines' mission. When Hines finally saw Duke, Duke remarked that Hines was resting next to a wharfboat, "apparently the most listless inoffensive youth that was ever imposed upon".[7]
Most of the area Thomas Hines traveled in this raid is within present-day Hoosier National Forest.
Notes
- ^ Horan, James. Confederate Agent: a Discovery in History (Crown Publishers, 1954, 3rd Printing 1960) pp.24,25
- ^ Horan pp.25-27
- ^ Terrell, William Indiana in the War of Rebellion (Indiana Historical Society, 1960). p.205
- ^ Wissing, Douglas. Traveling the Ohio River Scenic Route (Guild Press of Indiana, 1998) p.59
- ^ Horan pp.27,28
- ^ Wallace, Lew. Smoke, Sound, & Fury: The Civil War Memoirs of Major General Lew Wallace, U.S. Volunteers. (Strawberry Hill Press, 1998) pg.184
- ^ Johnson, Polk. A History of Kentucky and Kentuckians (Lewis Publishing, 1912) p.360
References
- Crenshaw, C. Bedford. Galloping Up the Glen (Indiana University Southeast, 2002) pg. 26-29.
See also
Morgan's Raiders | ||
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