Cotinis mutabilis, also known as the figeater beetle (also green fruit beetle or fig beetle), is a member of the scarab beetle family. It belongs to the subfamily Cetoniinae, comprising a group of beetles commonly called flower chafers since many of them feed on pollen, nectar, or petals.[1] Its habitat is primarily the southwestern United States (including California[2]) and Mexico.[1] Figeater beetles are often mistaken for green June beetles (Cotinis nitida) and occasionally Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica), which occur in the eastern US.[1]
Figeater beetle larvae, commonly called "crawly backs",[3] roll on their backs and propel themselves upside down. Adult figeater beetles grow to approximately 1.25 inches (3.2 cm).[4] They are a semi-glossy green on the top and a brilliant iridescent green on the underside and legs.[4] They are active during daylight hours, often congregating in the shade of trees near choice breeding grounds to find mates.
The figeater beetle is native to moister areas of the American southwest, where its natural diet includes fruit from cacti and sap from desert trees.[1] Their range has expanded considerably since the 1960s with the increasing availability of home gardens, compost piles, and organic mulch.[1][4] The larvae eat decomposing organic matter, such as that found in compost piles, manure piles, and organic mulch, and occasionally plant roots, such as the roots of grass in lawns.[1][4] The adult's primary food has become fruit in gardens and orchards.[1]
Life cycle
After mating, eggs are laid in decaying matter or compost piles, which provide sustenance for the emerging larvae. Figeater beetle larvae, commonly called "crawly backs",[3] grow up to 2 in (5.1 cm) and are thick and white with a dark head. They have six small, ineffectual legs; to move, they roll onto their backs and propel themselves upside down, using the stiff dark hairs on their backs to gain traction. At rest, they curl into a firm C shape.
Pupation occurs in the spring; adults emerge from July to September (varies with location). Adult figeater beetles grow to approximately 1.25 inches (3.2 cm).[4] They are active during daylight hours, often congregating in the shade of trees near choice breeding grounds to find mates. They make a loud buzzing sound similar to that of carpenter bees, possibly because they do not need to open their elytra in order to fly, an ability shared with many other flower beetles.[1]
Taxonomy
C. mutabilis is often confused with the green June beetle (Cotinis nitida).[1] Both are members of the flower beetle subfamily[5] (Cetoniinae), and are similar in appearance, but the green June beetle is smaller, and its range is in the eastern United States. The only possible crossover of both species is in Texas.[citation needed] They are also occasionally mistaken for Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica), which occur in the eastern US.[1]
Diet
The figeater beetle is native to moister areas of the American southwest, where its natural diet includes fruit from cacti and sap from desert trees.[1] Their range has expanded considerably since the 1960s with the increasing availability of home gardens, compost piles, and organic mulch.[1][4] The larvae eat decomposing organic matter, such as that found in compost piles, manure piles, and organic mulch, and occasionally plant roots, such as the roots of grass in lawns.[1][4]
The adult's primary food has become fruit in gardens and orchards.[1] They prefer sweet food, which includes the leaves, flowers, and saps of some plants and ripe or overripe fruit.[1] Fruit with tough skins are too hard for them to bite through,[1][4] so they most often eat softer-skinned fruit such as figs, peaches, grapes,[4] pears, and tomatoes, among others.[1] The beetles are particularly attracted to ripening and fermenting fruit, which emit gases that lead the beetles to them,[1] and to fruit that other animals or insects have already damaged.[1] In most small gardens, the adult beetles are minor pests that do little damage; however, they can swarm on soft or damaged fruit and have been known to eat an entire garden grape or fig crop.[1] They are not considered to be an important pest because they do not damage lawns as larvae and trees as much as June beetles or Japanese beetles.[1][4] However, they have the potential to be considered of agricultural importance in the future.[6]
Habitat & Distribution
Distribution of C. mutabilis ranges from the US to northern South America, and has been recorded in almost all of Mexico. They inhabit tropical and subtropical forests, oak forests, and cloud forests, as well as many different types of vegetation and land in urban areas between 0 - 2,700 meters above sea level.[6]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Constance M. Vadheim, ed. (August 24, 2013). "Green Fig Beetle (Figeater Beetle/ Green Fruit Beetle) – Cotinis mutabilis". Mother Nature's Backyard. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
- ^ "Managing Pests in Gardens: Fruit: Invertebrates: Green fruit beetle". UC Integrated Pest Management (UC IPM). UC Agriculture (UC ANR). 2005-05-20. Retrieved 2022-07-31.
- ^ a b Daniel Marlos, ed. (January 10, 2010). "Crawly Back: Figeater Larva". What's That Bug?. Retrieved August 27, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j David Faulkner. "Cotinis mutabilis". Field Guide: Arthropods. San Diego Natural History Museum. Retrieved August 27, 2016.
- ^ Eaton, Eric R.; Kaufman, Kenn (2007). Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-618-15310-7.
- ^ a b Guzmán-Vásquez, Héctor Miguel; Granados-Echegoyen, Carlos Alejandro; Alonso-Hernandez, Nancy; García-Ramírez, María de Jesús; Serrano-Rodríguez, Annery; Diego-Nava, Fidel; Zárate-Nicolás, Baldomero Hortencio (March 2023). "New Records of Scarab Beetles from the State of Campeche, Mexico, with Comments on their Agricultural and Ecological Importance". Southwestern Entomologist. 48 (1): 115. doi:10.3958/059.048.0111. S2CID 258062973.