Foot orienteering (usually referred to as simply Orienteering or FootO for short) is the oldest formal orienteering sport, and the one with the most "starts" per year.[citation needed] Usually, a FootO is a timed race in which participants start at staggered intervals, are individually timed, and are expected to perform all navigation on their own. The control points are shown on the orienteering map and must be visited in the specified order. Standings are determined first by successful completion of the course, then by shortest time on course.
FootO is one of four orienteering disciplines governed by the International Orienteering Federation.
History
The history of orienteering began in the late 19th century in Sweden. The actual term "orienteering" was first used in 1886 and meant the crossing of unknown land with the aid of a map and a compass.[1] The first orienteering competition open to the public was held in Norway in 1897.[1] Notable dates for member nations of the IOF are shown below.
| First public event | National body founded | First national championships | First international event | Other | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | 1897 | 1945 (NOF) | 1937 (Årnes/Kongsvinger) | 1932[1] (Slora, Sørkedalen) | |
| Sweden | 1901[2] | (SOFT) see below | 1935[2] (Skinnskatteberg) or 1937[3] | ||
| The first Swedish national body was formed in 1935,[3] [or 1936[2]] to co-ordinate both foot and ski orienteering. In 1938 SOFT took over the sport for all foot races.[2][3] | |||||
| Finland | 1923[4] (1904[4] ski orienteering) | 1935[4] | 1935 (Vihti) | ||
| Estonia | 1926 (Pirita) | 1959 | 1959 (Nelijärve) | 1973 (1969 ski orienteering) | |
| Australia | 1970 (OA) | 1985 (Bendigo) | |||
| Canada[5] | 1967 (COF) | 1968 (Gatineau Park) | 1976? | ||
| India | (OFI) | ||||
| Ireland | 1969 | (IOA) | 1975 | ||
| Italy | 1976 (Ronzone)[6] | 1986 (FISO) | 1986 | 1993 (Kastelruth – JWOC) | |
| New Zealand | (NZOF) | ||||
| South Africa | 1981? | (SAOF) | |||
| UK[3][7] | 1962 | 1967 (BOF) | 1967 (Hamsterley Forest) | 1976 (Darnaway Forest) | |
| US | 1967 (Valley Forge, PA) | 1971 (USOF) | 1970 (Southern Illinois) | 1986 (Hudson Valley – World Cup) | |
| Russia/USSR | 1959 (Leningrad) | 1961 | 1963 (Uzgorod) | ||
Formats
The official formats in the World Orienteering Championships,[8] which is followed by most regional and national championships, include the following:
Long distance
The long distance competition, previously called the classic distance competition, is the longest and toughest individual competition. Long competitions are held in forest, with expected winning time of 90–100 minutes for men and 70–80 minutes for women, in physically demanding terrain with large-scale route choices and varying scale of technical difficulties.
Middle distance
The middle distance competition, previously called the short distance competition, is a relatively shorter race held in forest, with expected winning time of 30–35 minutes in technically complex terrain.
Sprint
Sprint competitions are high-speed competitions held in urban areas, which is technically easy but with difficult route choices. The expected winning time is 12–15 minutes.
Relay
The relay, composed of teams of 3, is a mass start event where different runners are separated by means of forking. The finish order is directly determined at the finish line.
Sprint relay
The sprint relay is run by teams of 4, where the first and the last must be women, in urban areas with mass start and forking. It is an exciting and television-friendly event where the runners compete head-to-head at a high-speed.
Knock-Out Sprint
Knock-Out sprint (KO-Sprint) is the newest form urban orienteering to be added to international competition. It consists of a short qualifier race of around 10–12 minutes to determine the seeding for a subsequent series of very short mass start elimination races of around 6–8 minutes. These elimination race normally consist of six runner with the top two or three progressing, and can contain forking, loops, or runner's choice selection. Similar to the sprint relay, it is high paced and television friendly, with the elimination rounds happening quickly one after another.
IOF events
World championships
The World Orienteering Championships are held annually. As of 2022, Europe has been dominant.
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Sweden (SWE) | 68 | 59 | 57 | 184 |
| 2 |  Norway (NOR) | 52 | 51 | 46 | 149 |
| 3 |  Switzerland (SUI) | 47 | 38 | 43 | 128 |
| 4 |  Finland (FIN) | 24 | 43 | 32 | 99 |
| 5 |  France (FRA) | 14 | 7 | 11 | 32 |
| 6 |  Denmark (DEN) | 12 | 10 | 7 | 29 |
| 7 |  Russia (RUS) | 11 | 12 | 15 | 38 |
| 8 |  Great Britain (GBR) | 4 | 6 | 5 | 15 |
| 9 |  Czech Republic (CZE) | 3 | 4 | 5 | 12 |
| 10 |  Hungary (HUN) | 3 | 1 | 2 | 6 |
| 11 | Czechoslovakia (TCH) | 2 | 5 | 8 | 15 |
| 12 |  Ukraine (UKR) | 1 | 3 | 5 | 9 |
| 13 |  Austria (AUT) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 14 |  Latvia (LAT) | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 15 |  Australia (AUS) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| – | Independent Athletes[9] | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 16 |  New Zealand (NZL) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 17 |  Soviet Union (URS) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 18 |  Belarus (BLR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
 Belgium (BEL) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
 Germany (GER) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
 Italy (ITA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
 Netherlands (NED) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Totals (22 entries) | 244 | 243 | 246 | 733 | |
International championships
- World Orienteering Championships
- Junior World Orienteering Championships
- World Masters Orienteering Championships
- European Orienteering Championships
References
- ^ a b c "Past & present". International Orienteering Federation. Archived from the original on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
- ^ a b c d "Milstolpar i utvecklingen" (in Swedish). Svenska Orienteringsförbundet. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 6 November 2008.
- ^ a b c d Disley, John (1978). Orienteering. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 0-571-04930-3.
- ^ a b c "Historia | Suomen Suunnistusliitto". www.suunnistusliitto.fi. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
- ^ Canadian Orienteering Federation Archived 23 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine (Retrieved on 10 October 2008)
- ^ FISO Archived 20 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Italian Federation website
- ^ http://www.athleticscholarships.net/other-sports-orienteering-3.htm Archived 3 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine(Retrieved on 14 October 2008)
- ^ "IOF Competition Rules for Foot Orienteering, Appendix 6" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- ^ Due to the Russian doping scandal, russian athlethes competed under neutral flag in 2021.
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