Battle of Honey Springs

The Menard–Hodges site (3AR4) (also known as Menard-Hodges Mounds and Osotouy), is an archaeological site in Arkansas County, Arkansas. It includes two large platform mounds as well as several house mounds. It is the type site for the Menard phase, a protohistoric Mississippian culture group.

The Menard Mound was named for Frank Menard, on whose farm the mound was discovered.^[3]

Description

The site is considered as a possible candidate for the Province of Anilco encountered by the Hernando de Soto Entrada in 1540.^[4] It was contemporaneous with the Parkin site, believed by many archaeologists to be the location of the province of Casqui,^[5]^[6] and the Nodena site, believed by many archaeologists to be the location of the province of Pacaha.^[5]^[6]

The site is also considered to be the location of the protohistoric Quapaw village of Osotouy (or Ossoteoue) first encountered by French explorers in the late 17th century.^[7]^[8] The Quapaw at the time had four villages, Kappa, Ossoteoue, Touriman, and Tonginga. Kappa was reported to have been on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River and the other three located on the western bank in or near present-day Desha County, Arkansas.^[9] The location was excavated by James A. Ford in 1958. The excavations included burials, with graves in extended, flexed, and secondary interments scattered throughout the site and oriented in many different directions.^[10] The site has yielded evidence of occupation as early as the Baytown Period (300-700 CE), all the way to the European contact period in the 16th century. The most unusual formation at the site is Mound A, which is conical in shape, and was built in two stages. Ceramics found at the site are consistent with native occupation at the time Henri de Tonti established the first French outpost west of the Mississippi at the Arkansas Post in 1686.^[8]^[11]

The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985, and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1989.^[2]^[1] In 1997 the National Park Service acquired a tract of 360 acres (150 ha) which encompasses the site of the mound complex and the site believed to be that of Tonti's 1686 outpost. It is now administered as part of the Arkansas Post National Memorial, whose main site is 5 miles (8.0 km) (but 25 miles (40 km) by road) from the mound site.^[12]

References

^ ^a ^b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
^ ^a ^b "Menard–Hodges Site". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 26, 2007. Archived from the original on March 1, 2007.
^ HalliBurton, William Henry (1903). A Topographical Description and History of Arkansas County, Arkansas from 1541 to 1875. History of Arkansas County, Arkansas, 1541-1875. p. 4.
^ Hudson, Charles M. (1997). Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun. University of Georgia Press. p. 337. ISBN 9780820318882.
^ ^a ^b Hudson, Charles M. (1997). Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820318882.
^ ^a ^b Phyllis Morse (1981). "Parkin". Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Series. Arkansas Archaeological Survey. ISSN 0882-5491. OCLC 7540091.
^ Ford, James A. (1961), Menard Site: the Quapaw Village of Osotouy On the Arkansas River, American Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Papers, New York: American Museum of Natural History
^ ^a ^b "Menard–Hodges Site". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved December 17, 2017.
^ "Quapaw". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved December 17, 2017.
^ "UA-WRI-French Colonial Arkansas". Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2009.
^ "Summary description of Menard–Hodges site". Arkansas Preservation. Archived from the original on October 22, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
^ "The Weathervane, Volume 2, Number 2 (2006)". National Park Service. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2014.

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[nris-1] "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.

[nhlsum-2] "Menard–Hodges Site". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 26, 2007. Archived from the original on March 1, 2007.

[3] HalliBurton, William Henry (1903). A Topographical Description and History of Arkansas County, Arkansas from 1541 to 1875. History of Arkansas County, Arkansas, 1541-1875. p. 4.

[4] Hudson, Charles M. (1997). Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun. University of Georgia Press. p. 337. ISBN 9780820318882.

[Charles_M._Hudson_author_1997-5] Hudson, Charles M. (1997). Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820318882.

[Morse,_Phyllis_A._1981-6] Phyllis Morse (1981). "Parkin". Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Series. Arkansas Archaeological Survey. ISSN 0882-5491. OCLC 7540091.

[7] Ford, James A. (1961), Menard Site: the Quapaw Village of Osotouy On the Arkansas River, American Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Papers, New York: American Museum of Natural History

[arkencmenhod-8] "Menard–Hodges Site". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved December 17, 2017.

[9] "Quapaw". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved December 17, 2017.

[10] "UA-WRI-French Colonial Arkansas". Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2009.

[ArkansasSummary-11] "Summary description of Menard–Hodges site". Arkansas Preservation. Archived from the original on October 22, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014.

[12] "The Weathervane, Volume 2, Number 2 (2006)". National Park Service. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2014.

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Pre-Columbian North America
Periods Lithic Archaic Formative Classic Post-Classic
Archaeological cultures	Adena Alachua Ancient Beringian Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) Avonlea Baytown Belle Glade Buttermilk Creek complex Caborn-Welborn Cades Pond Calf Creek Caloosahatchee Clovis Coles Creek Comondú Deptford Folsom Fort Ancient Fort Walton Fremont Glacial Kame Glades Hohokam Hopewell List of Hopewell sites La Jolla Las Palmas Maritime Archaic Mississippian List of Mississippian sites Mogollon Monongahela Old Cordilleran Oneota Paleo-Arctic Paleo-Indians Patayan Plano Plaquemine Poverty Point Red Ocher Safety Harbor Santa Rosa-Swift Creek St. Johns Steed-Kisker Suwannee Valley Tchefuncte Troyville Weeden Island
Archaeological sites	Angel Mounds Anzick site Bandelier National Monument Bastian Benson Blue Spring Shelter Bluefish Caves The Bluff Point Stoneworks Brewster Cahokia Candelaria Cave Casa Grande Chaco Canyon Coso Rock Art District Crystal River Cuarenta Casas Cueva de la Olla Cutler Eaker El Fin del Mundo El Vallecito Effigy Mounds Etowah Indian Mounds Eva Folsom Fort Ancient Fort Center Fort Juelson Four Mounds Gila Cliff Dwellings Glenwood Grimes Point Helen Blazes Holly Bluff Hopewell Culture National Historical Park Horr's Island Huápoca Key Marco Kimball Village Kincaid Mounds Kolomoki Mounds Lake Jackson Mounds Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site L'Anse aux Meadows Lynch Quarry Site Marksville Marmes Rockshelter Meadowcroft Rockshelter Mesa Verde Moaning Cavern Moorehead Circle Morrison Mounds Moundville Mummy Cave Nodena site Ocmulgee Mounds Old Stone Fort Orwell site Paquime Painted Bluff Parkin Park Pinson Mounds Plum Bayou Mounds Portsmouth Earthworks Poverty Point Pueblo Bonito Recapture Canyon River Styx Roberts Island Rock Eagle Rock Hawk Rosenstock Village Russell Cave Salmon Ruins Serpent Mound Sierra de San Francisco Shell ring sites Spiro Mounds Stallings Island SunWatch Taos Pueblo Town Creek Indian Mound Turkey River Mounds Upward Sun River Velda Mound West Oak Forest Earthlodge Wickiup Hill Windover Winterville Wupatki
Human remains	Anzick-1 Arlington Springs Man Buhl Woman Kennewick Man La Brea Woman Leanderthal Lady Melbourne Man Minnesota Woman Peñon woman Spirit Cave mummy Vero man
Miscellaneous	Aridoamerica Black drink Ceremonial pipe Chanunpa Chunkey Clovis point Container Revolution Eastern Agricultural Complex Eden point Effigy mound Falcon dancer Folsom point Green Corn Ceremony Horned Serpent Kiva Medicine wheel Metallurgy Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing Mound Builders N.A.G.P.R.A. Norse colonization of North America Oasisamerica Piasa Projectile point Southeastern Ceremonial Complex Stickball Three Sisters agriculture Thunderbird Transoceanic contact Underwater panther Water glyphs
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Description

See also

References