Battle of Honey Springs

6°12′37″S 106°48′00″E / 6.21028°S 106.80000°E / -6.21028; 106.80000 The People's Representative Council of the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia, DPR; alternatively translatable as the House of Representatives or the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia), is one of two elected chambers of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), the national legislature of Indonesia. It is considered the lower house, while the Regional Representative Council (DPD) serve as the upper house; while the Indonesian constitution does not explicitly mention the divide, the DPR enjoys more power, privilege, and prestige compared to the DPD.

Members of the DPR are elected through a general election every five years. Currently, there are 575 members; an increase compared to 560 prior to the 2019 elections.[1][2] Its members are called Members of Parliament.[3]

History

Volksraad

Dutch East Indies Governor-General Johan Paul van Limburg Stirum opens the first meeting of the Volksraad in 1918.

In 1915, members of the Indonesian nationalist organisation Budi Utomo and others toured the Netherlands to argue for the establishment of a legislature for the Dutch East Indies, and in December 1916 a bill was passed to establish a Volksraad (People's Council).[4] It met for the first time in 1918. Ten of its nineteen members elected by local councils were Indonesians, as were five of the nineteen appointed members. However, it had only advisory powers, although the governor-general had to consult it on financial matters. The body grew in size to 60 members, half of who were elected by a total of 2,228 people.[5]

In 1925, the Volksraad gained some legislative powers. It had to agree to the budget and internal legislation, and could sponsor laws of its own. However, it had no power to remove the governor general and remained nothing more than a gesture.[5]

In 1940, after the German invasion of the Netherlands, and the fleeing of the Dutch government to exile in London, there was a motion calling for an inquiry into turning it into a quasi-legislature, but this was withdrawn after a negative response from the government.[6] In July 1941, the Volksraad passed a motion calling for the creation of a militia made up of up to 6,000 Indonesians.[7] In February 1942, the Japanese invasion began, and in May 1942 the Dutch formally dissolved the Volksraad. It was replaced by a council made up of heads of departments.[8]

Japanese occupation

The Japanese invaded Dutch East Indies in 1942. By 1943, the tide had turned against them, and to encourage support for the war effort, the Japanese appointed Indonesian advisors (sanyo) to the administration and appointed Sukarno leader of a new Central Advisory Board (Chuo Sangi-kai) in Jakarta.[9] In March 1945, the Japanese established the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (Indonesian: Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan) or BPUPK, chaired by Radjiman Wediodiningrat, with Sukarno, Hatta and Thamrin among its members. This body drew up a constitution for an independent Indonesia over several weeks of meetings. At a session of the committee on 1 June 1945, Sukarno laid down the principles of Pancasila by which an Indonesia would be governed.[10][11]

On 7 August, the day after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (Indonesian: Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia) or PPKI was established. Sukarno was chairman, and Hatta vice-chairman. The two proclaimed the Independence of Indonesia on 17 August.[12] On 18 August, the PPKI accepted the constitution drawn up by the BPUPK as the provisional Constitution of Indonesia and decided that during a six-month transition period, the new republic would be governed according to the constitution by a president, assisted by a National Committee, who would establish the two chamber legislature mandated by the constitution. The upper chamber, the People's Consultative Assembly would then have six months to draw up a new constitution, leaving open the possibility that this would be an entirely new document free of the influence of the situation prevailing during World War II.[11] The PPKI also named Sukarno as president and Hatta vice-president.[13]

KNIP

The historic meeting of the KNIP in Malang, East Java to decide Indonesia's response to the Linggadjati Agreement

The Central Indonesian National Committee (Indonesian: Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat) or KNIP was a body appointed to assist the president of the newly independent Indonesia, Sukarno, on 29 August 1945. It was originally planned to have a purely advisory function, but on 18 October, Vice-president Hatta issued Edict No.X transferring the powers the Constitution conferred on the People's Consultative Assembly and House of Representatives from the president to the KNIP. The day-to-day tasks of the KNIP would be carried out by a Working Committee.[14][15]

During the War of Independence, the entire KNIP was unable to meet regularly. Therefore, the KNIP acted as the upper house, the People's Consultative Assembly in the constitution, meeting only infrequently to discuss fundamental and pressing national issues, while the Working Committee acted as the day-to-day parliament.[16]

Federal legislature

In January 1948, the Dutch authorities established the Provisional Federal Council for Indonesia (Voorlopige Federale Raad voor Indonesia) comprising Lieutenant Governor Hubertus van Mook and eight Indonesians chosen by him to represent the views of Indonesia. Two months later, the council made up of heads of departments that the Dutch had set up to replace the pre-war Volksraad officially became the Provisional Federal Government (Voorlopige Federale Regering). This body invited heads of the states making up the United States of Indonesia to send delegates to the Federal Conference in Bandung in May 1948. That month, leaders of states and other areas joined to establish the Federal Consultative Assembly (Bijeenkomst voor Federaal Overleg or BFO) to represent the federal regions.[17]

Following the transfer of sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia (RIS), in December 1949, the state adopted a bicameral system, with a 150-member House of Representatives (DPR-RIS) and a Senate with two representatives from each of the 16 component areas of the RIS. Initially the House of Representatives had 50 representatives from the Republic of Indonesia and 100 from the other 15 component parts of the RIS. The plan was for elections within a year. The KNIP met for the last time on 15 December 1949 to agree to the Republic of Indonesia joining the RIS.[18]

This House of Representatives met for the first time on 15 February 1950 at the former Sociëteit Concordia Building on Jalan Wahidin, Jakarta. Most of the sessions were held in this building, but it also met at other buildings, including the Hotel Des Indies. The DPR-RIS passed seven laws in its six months of existence, but was soon overtaken by events as the federal system collapsed as the individual states dissolved themselves into the unitary Republic of Indonesia.[18][19][20]

Liberal democracy

The original building in central Jakarta where legislatures of the United States of Indonesia and the Republic of Indonesia the House of Representatives (DPR) met from 1950

Given that the Republic of Indonesia did not want the RIS parliament to become the legislature of the unitary republic, in May 1950, Hatta and representatives from the federal states agreed to establish a new legislature comprising the 150 members of the RIS House of Representatives, 46 members of the KNIP Working Committee, 13 from the Republic of Indonesia Supreme Advisory Council and 32 RIS senators, making 241 members. On 17 August 1950, the RIS was formally dissolved and the unitary Republic of Indonesia came into being.

The Provisional House of Representatives met for the first time on 16 August 1950. By then there had been minor changes to the agreed composition as three RIS senators had refused to take their seats and 21 representatives from the State of Pasundan were replaced by 19 members appointed by the Republic. Of the 236 members, only 204 took their oaths of office on 20 August, and only 170 voted in the election of the speaker, which was narrowly won by Sartono of the Indonesian National Party (PNI). Masyumi was the largest parliamentary party with 49 seats. Its main rival, the PNI had 36 seats and no other party had more than 17.[21]

In 1952, the DPR demanded a reorganisation of the Ministry of Defense and the dismissal of the Army leadership in response to military opposition to troop reductions. This led to the '17 October 1952' incident with large-scale demonstrations at the presidential palace by soldiers and civilians demanding the DPR be dissolved. The crowd dispersed after Sukarno addressed it.[22]

Despite the election bill being introduced in 1951, it was not passed until 1953 and elections were finally held in 1955.[23] The results surprised everybody. The Indonesian Socialist Party (PSI) did worse than expected, as did Masyumi, while the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) did better than predicted. Following the election, the PNI and Masyumi had 57 seats each, the Nahdlatul Ulama had 45 and the PKI 39. There were now 28 parties in parliament, compared with 20 before the election. Only 63 of the 257 pre-election members of parliament still maintain their seats, but there were 15 women members compared with eight before. The new parliament met on 26 March 1956, forming the first elected House of Representatives (1956–1959).

The Indonesian parliament in session in the 1950s

Over the next few years, public dissatisfaction with the political parties grew. In 1957, Sukarno announced his concept of a national unity cabinet and a National Council made up of functional groups to advise the cabinet. This council was established in May 1957. On 5 July 1959, Sukarno issued a decree, which as well as reviving the provisional 1945 Constitution, dissolved parliament.[24]

The new DPR took office on 22 July 1959. It accepted the president's decree by acclamation and said it was ready to work as stipulated by the 1945 Constitution. However, in March 1960 it unexpectedly rejected the government's budget. Sukarno then dissolved it as it was seen as no longer fulfilling the president's hopes that it would work with him in the spirit of the 1945 Constitution, Guided Democracy and the Political manifesto (Manipol, referring to Sukarno's 1959 Independence Day speech). The DPR session ended on 24 June.[25][26]

Guided Democracy

Sukarno then used this difference of opinion with the legislature as justification for the establishment of a Mutual Assistance House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Gotong Royong, DPR-GR). The membership was no longer based on the results of the 1955 election, but was determined by the president, who could appoint and dismiss members at will, as well as its speaker. Political opponents were sidelined, and some who opposed the establishment of the DPR-GR refused to take their seats. As Masyumi and the Indonesian Socialist Party did not agree with Sukarno, they were given no seats, meaning there was no longer a parliamentary opposition. A number of representatives from various functional groups including the military were also appointed. As of mid-1962, there were 281 members; 130 from 10 political parties, 150 sectoral representatives and 1 representative from West Irian.

The responsibilities and duties of the parliament were dramatically curtailed as it was reduced to helping the government implement its policies. In 1960 it produced only 9 laws, compared with 87 in 1958 and 29 in 1959. It became little more than a rubber stamp for Sukarno's policies. For example, it passed a law allowing volunteers to be sent to participate in the 'Confrontation' with Malaysia.[27][28]

New Order

The building complex in Jakarta where Indonesia's House of Representatives holds its plenary sessions

Following the coup attempt of the 30 September Movement in 1965, which was officially blamed on the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), the DPR-GR was purged of PKI members – 57 communist members were suspended.[29] On 14 November parliament resumed without the PKI representatives, including deputy speaker M.H. Lukman. In 1969, the government passed an election law that set the membership of the DPR at 360 elected and 100 appointed members. The number of representatives from the military increased to 75. Elections were finally held in 1971, having been delayed to allow preparations to ensure a victory for the government's Golkar organisation.[30][31][32]

Following the election, the words Gotong Royong were removed and the body became the Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat again. In 1973 the remaining political parties were reduced to two, the United Development Party and the Indonesian Democratic Party. For the remainder of the New Order, Golkar won absolute majorities at every elections, while the parliament did not produce a single law on its own initiative, its role being reduced to passing laws proposed by the government.[30][33][34]

During the era, People's Representative Council often offered a position for the regime supporters, such as to Zakaria bin Muhammad Amin, whom rejected it when his two friends, Abdullah Nur and Ustaz Mil, were accepting a position in Golkar.[35]

Reform era

In May 1998, President Suharto stepped down, leading to Indonesia's first free elections since 1955 taking place the following year. Of the 500 seats, 462 were elected, while 38 seats were reserved for the military/police. In the 2004 elections, all 550 seats were elected. In the 2009 elections the number of seats was increased to 560, and for the 2019 elections this rose to 575. There are now no appointed military officers in the legislature.[36][37]

Powers

As is common in countries with presidential system, the President does not hold the power to suspend or dissolve the DPR.[38] On the other hand, the legislature does not have full control over the President or the government in whole.

The Three Functions

Under Article 20A of the amended 1945 Constitution, the DPR has three main functions: legislative, budgeting and oversight. The legislative function of the DPR consists of:[39]

  • Drafting the Program Legislasi Nasional or Prolegnas (lists of prioritized drafts and bills);
  • Drafting and holding deliberations on the Rancangan Undang-Undang or the bills of law;
  • Receiving the bills of law proposed by the DPD, especially on the subjects of regional autonomy; Central-Regional governance relations; creations, proliferations, and mergers of regional territories; management of regional resources; and Central-Regional fiscal balance;
  • Holding deliberations on the bills of law proposed either by the President or by the DPD;
  • Jointly passing the bills of law into Law with the President;
  • Passing or rejecting the Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang (Perppu) or Government Regulation in-lieu-of Law enacted by the President. If passed, the Perppu is enshrined as Law.

The budgeting function of the DPR consists of:[39]

  • Approving and passing into Law the Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara (APBN) or National Budget proposed by the President;
  • Taking into considerations the opinions of the DPD, especially on the subjects of taxes, education, and religious affairs;
  • Following up the state financial accountability reports made by the Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan (BPK) or Audit Board of Indonesia;
  • Approving the transfers of any state assets and properties which are considered impactful on the people and the national finance.

The oversight function of the DPR consists of:[39]

  • Overseeing the execution of the Laws, National Budget, and government policies;
  • Holding deliberations and following up on the oversights exercised by the DPD, especially on the subjects of regional autonomy; Central-Regional governance relations; creations, proliferations, and mergers of regional territories; management of regional resources; Central-Regional fiscal balance; execution of the National Budget; and on the subjects of taxes, education, and religious affairs.

The Rights

The 1945 Constitution guarantees several rights of the DPR.[40] Especially in regard to the oversight function, they include the right to question the government regarding any government policy considered important, strategic, and impactful (Hak Interpelasi); the right to investigate allegations of breach of the Laws by government policy (Hak Angket); and the right to express opinions (Hak Menyatakan Pendapat) on any government policy, on extraordinary domestic or foreign events, on the follow up of the exercise of the rights to question and to investigate government policy, as well as on the initial impeachment process of the President and/or the Vice President.

The MPs themselves are vested with rights in order to execute their duties. They include:[41]

  • Right to propose drafts and bills of Laws;
  • Right to question the government and its officials;
  • Right to express opinions and offer suggestions;
  • Right to elect and be elected into parliamentary duties;
  • Right to defend oneself on alleged violations of parliamentary code of ethics;
  • Right of immunity from prosecution due to any statements, questions, and opinions made for the purpose of parliamentary duties, except in violation of parliamentary code of ethics and code of conducts;
  • Right to be assigned certain stately protocols;
  • Right to financial and administrative benefits;
  • Right to oversee the execution of the National Budget, as well as the interests of the people and their constituency;
  • Right to propose and promote programs for the benefit of their constituency;
  • Right to promote and inform the creation of a new Law.

Current composition

The House of Representatives has 575 members resulting from the 2019 legislative election. The representatives come from 9 political parties.

Political party Parliamentary group Seats (2019 election) Political affiliation/coalition Chair of the parliamentary group
Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle PDI-P 128 Presidential coalition Utut Adianto (Central Java VII)
Majority Floor Leader
Party of Functional Groups Golkar 85 Presidential coalition Kahar Muzakir (South Sumatera I)
Great Indonesia Movement Party Gerindra 78 Presidential coalition Ahmad Muzani (Lampung I)
Nasdem Party Nasdem 59 Presidential coalition Ahmad Ali (Central Sulawesi)
National Awakening Party PKB 58 Presidential coalition Cucun Ahmad Syamsurijal (West Java II)
Democratic Party Democrats 54 Presidential coalition Edhie Yudhoyono (East Java VII)
Prosperous Justice Party PKS 50 In opposition Jazuli Juwaini (Banten II)
Minority floor leader
National Mandate Party PAN 44 Presidential coalition Mulfachri Harahap (North Sumatra I)
United Development Party PPP 19 Presidential coalition Arsul Sani (Central Java X)
Total 575


Structure

Leadership

The DPR leadership consist of a Speaker and four Deputy Speakers. The most recent Speaker's election was conducted under provisions of Law No. 13/2019 (Amendment) of the Law No. 17/2014 on the MPR, DPR, DPRD, and DPRD; popularly known as UU MD3. The Speaker's seat is reserved to the political party with largest number of representation in the chamber, and the four Deputy Speakership are reserved to the second, third, fourth, and fifth largest political parties respectively.[42]

Each Deputy Speakers oversee the operation of the following Council organs:

  • First Deputy Speaker is responsible for politics and national security, overseeing the First Commission, Second Commission, Third Commission, Committee for Inter-Parliamentary Cooperation, and Legislation Committee.[44]
  • Second Deputy Speaker is responsible for finance and economics, overseeing the Eleventh Commission, Budget Committee, and Public Finance Accountability Committee.[45]
  • Third Deputy Speaker is responsible for industries and public development, overseeing the Fourth Commission, Fifth Commission, Sixth Commission, and Seventh Commission.[46]
  • Fourth Deputy Speaker is responsible for public welfare, overseeing the Eighth Commission, Ninth Commission, Committee of the Household, and Committee for Ethics.[47]

Commissions

Most, but not all, of the Council business are conducted through the commissions, akin to the standing committee of the United States Congress. Currently, there are eleven commissions.

Other organs

The Opposition

The Opposition is a term used to describe political parties which are represented in the DPR, but not in the cabinet, and thus organized themselves as an opposition faction. However it is not a formal term and they considered themselves a 'critical partner of the government'.[66]

During the 2019 Election, the incumbent president Joko Widodo ('Jokowi') led a majority coalition of ten parties[67] which already supported him during the previous 2014 Election. Opposing him is Prabowo Subianto, who led a minority coalition of five parties.[68] Eventually after the election, the Jokowi Administration invited Gerindra and PAN into the governing coalition, appointing Subianto as Defence Minister.[69]

Under the current Jokowi Administration, only Prosperous Justice Party is the only party in the DPR which have no representation in the cabinet. After Subianto's Gerindra as well as PAN and PD joined the government, the Opposition coalition effectively went into dormancy.

Criticism

The DPR has been the subject of frequent public criticism due to perceived high levels of fraud and corruption.[70]

Buildings of the Legislature

Throughout its history, the legislature has convened in multiple buildings.

Present-day Gedung Pancasila (previously known as Volksraad Building)

Volksraad

The Volksraad convened in the Volksraadgebouw (Building of the Volksraad) since 1918 until 1942 during Japanese occupation when it was dissolved. Today the building is known as Gedung Pancasila, located within the Foreign Ministry complex, and is still used for hosting important state events.[71]

Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP)

In August 1945, the KNIP was established to assist the President in the early days of Indonesian independence. Soon after, KNIP was granted legislative powers and would function as a legislature until a democratically elected national legislature can be formed. Meanwhile, the presidential system was replaced by parliamentary system, and Sutan Syahrir was appointed as the first prime minister of Indonesia. Due to the unstable situation during those days, the KNIP was unable to convene in single, permanent place.[71]

PSKD 1 Senior High School, site of the third meeting of the KNIP
Gedung Kesenian Jakarta (Jakarta Art Building)

The first meeting of the KNIP following its inauguration was held on 29 August in Schouwburg Weltevreden, today known as Gedung Kesenian Jakarta (Jakarta Art Building). Due to lack of available working space, the secretariat was run from the defunct Jawa Hokokai headquarters close to Lapangan Banteng. Meanwhile, second meeting of the KNIP was held on 16 and 17 October in old Binnenhof Hotel in Kramat Raya street, Jakarta. The secretariat was also moved, this time to a building in Cilacap street, now occupied by the Education Ministry. Third meeting of the KNIP was held in a building in Prince Diponegoro street, now known as PSKD 1 Senior High School, situated right across the Centraal Burgerlijke Ziekenhuis (which now constitutes part of the Cipto Mangunkusumo Central Hospital).[71]

Societeit Concordia Building in Malang, East Java

Fourth meeting of the KNIP was held not in Jakarta, but in Surakarta in Central Java. It was held in Gedung Republik Indonesia, from 28 February until 3 March. The Working Committee (the permanent standing committee of the KNIP) and the secretariat later moved to Hotel van Laar in Purworejo, provided by the regent of Purworejo. Fifth meeting of the KNIP was held on 25 February until 3 March 1946 in Societeit Concordia Building in Malang, East Java. Following the fifth meeting, the Working Committee and the secretariat again moved to Yogyakarta, temporarily occupying an Indonesian Red Cross building, before later moved to Loge Theosofie Building in Malioboro, occupying it until 1950. Few years later, the sixth meeting of the KNIP was held on 6th until 15 December 1949 in Sitihinggil Keraton (part of the Yogyakarta Kraton).[71]

Federal Parliament

Societeit Concordia Building in Jakarta

Following the agreement reached during the 1949 Round Table Conference, a federal constitution was drafted for Indonesia, and thus KNIP was dissolved and replaced by the DPR-RIS. The Parliament was now able to settle down, although the venues might move. Established along with it was the Federal Senate, which served as an upper house, separate from the DPR-RIS. This parliament was inaugurated on 16 February 1950 in Societeit Concordia Building in Jakarta, now located within the Finance Ministry complex (not to be confused with Societeit Concordia Building in Bandung, now known as Gedung Merdeka). Following the inauguration, meetings were held instead in the upper floor of Hotel Des Indes. The hotel was later demolished in 1971 and replaced by Duta Merlin Shopping Center on its site.[71]

"Liberal Democracy" Parliament

Hotel Des Indes in Jakarta

After the federal system collapsed and Indonesia returned to its unitary form in 1950, a provisional constitution established a provisional parliament (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Sementara/DPRS), as well as a constitutional assembly (Konstituante) for drafting a new, permanent constitution for Indonesia. The DPRS convened in Jakarta, while the Konstituante convened in Societeit Concordia Building in Bandung.[71]

The DPRS was finally replaced by a proper DPR after September 1955 election was held, followed shortly with the December 1955 election for electing members of the Konstituante.[71]

"Guided Democracy" Parliament

Following years of political instability, as well as the Konstituante's failure to draft a new constitution, in 1959 President Sukarno assumed executive powers and ordered to return to the 1945 Constitution, dismantling the parliamentary system of governance that had run since KNIP was granted legislative powers in 1945. Through executive orders and decisions, the provisional People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara/MPRS), the national legislature of Indonesia as prescribed by the 1945 Constitution, was finally established alongside various other constitutional bodies.[71]

Old DPR Building

The DPR based on 1955 election was later dissolved in 1960, and replaced with DPR-GR (GR stands for Gotong Royong), whose members were appointed by the President. The DPR-GR first used the Societeit Concordia Building in Jakarta to convene and then moved to Gedung Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat near Lapangan Banteng, while the MPRS convened in Gedung Merdeka in Bandung. Because most members of the MPRS were residents of Jakarta, a branch secretariat of the MPRS was established in Jakarta and occupied Stannia Building on Cik Ditiro street.[71]

MPRS chairman Abdul Haris Nasution congratulating General Soeharto on his appointment as acting president, 12th March 1967, in the aftermath of the 1967 MPRS Special Session, situated in Istora Senayan, Jakarta.

In 1964 DPR-GR moved to convene in a temporary building within Senayan Sport Complex while the DPR Building went under renovation. This temporary building previously served as the headquarter for 1962 Asian Games construction and development office (Komando Urusan Pembangunan Asian Games/KUPAG). Events following the September 30th Movement in 1965, however, moved the renovation process to a halt. The DPR-GR was forced to use the basketball court building previously used in 1964 Asian Games. The 1966 MPRS General Session and 1967 MPRS Special Session was held in the Gedung Istana Olah Raga (Istora).[71]

"New Order" Parliament

After the 1962 Asian Games, President Sukarno ordered the construction of a building complex next to Senayan Sport Complex, to be used as a political venues for a "Conference of the New Emerging Forces" (CONEFO) to rival the United Nations, and international games to be held next door as GANEFO to rival the Olympics. The chief architect for this project was Soejoedi Wirjoatmodjo, a graduate of Technical University of Berlin and head of the Department of Architecture in Bandung Institute of Technology.[72]

The constructions was halted following President Sukarno's fall from power, and the project later resumed under Suharto presidency, when it was officially promulgated with Ampera Cabinet Presidium Decision No. 79/U/Kep/11/1966, dated 9 November 1966 that the old CONEFO political venues project were to be repurposed for the national legislature.[72]

The construction proceeded gradually; Main Conference Building completed in March 1968, Secretariat Building in March 1978, Auditorium Building in September 1982, and Banquet Building in February 1983.[71][73][74]

The MPR/DPR Complex in Senayan, Jakarta remains as the seat of Indonesia's legislature to this day.

MPR-DPR-DPD Complex

"Reformasi" Parliament

With the fall of President Soeharto and his New Order regime, a wave of political and social reform appeared in Indonesia, primarily in the form of four amendments of the 1945 Constitutions. A new chamber of the legislature, Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (Regional Representative Council), was established and occupied the same site as MPR and DPR.[75]

During Widodo Administration, a plan to move the national capital to Kalimantan was announced. The legislatures are planned to be moved there alongside many other central government bodies.[76]

See also

References

Notes

Citations

  1. ^ Sekretariat Jenderal DPR RI (2015)
  2. ^ Yulisman (2019)
  3. ^ "Members of Parliament". House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  4. ^ Ricklefs (1982) p. 164
  5. ^ a b Ricklefs (1982) p. 153
  6. ^ Ricklefs (1982) p183
  7. ^ Ricklefs (1982) p. 184
  8. ^ Cribb (2001) p. 282
  9. ^ Ricklefs (1982) p193
  10. ^ Ricklefs (1982) p. 197
  11. ^ a b Cribb (2001) p272
  12. ^ Ricklefs (1982) pp. 197–198
  13. ^ Kahin (1952) p. 138
  14. ^ Cribb (2001) p. 276
  15. ^ Kahin (1952) pp. 139–140
  16. ^ Cribb (2001) pp. 280–281
  17. ^ Cribb (2001) pp. 282–284
  18. ^ a b Cribb (2001) p. 284
  19. ^ Tim Penyusun (1970) pp. 119,133
  20. ^ Hilmi Syatria (ed) (1995) p.8
  21. ^ Cribb (2001) pp. 285–286
  22. ^ Ricklefs (1982) p. 233
  23. ^ Ricklefs (1982) p. 234
  24. ^ Cribb (2001) pp. 288–297
  25. ^ Poltak Partogi Nainggolan (2001) p 301
  26. ^ Ricklefs (1982) p. 256
  27. ^ Poltak Partogi Nainggolan (2001) pp. 301–303
  28. ^ Dept of Foreign Affairs (1962), Indonesia 1962, Jakarta, p. 9, No ISBN
  29. ^ Hughes (2002) p149
  30. ^ a b Schwarz (1994) p. 32
  31. ^ Poltak Partogi Nainggolan (2001) pp. 304–303
  32. ^ Ricklefs (1982) pp. 276–277
  33. ^ Daniel Dhaidae & H. Witdarmono (2000) p. xix
  34. ^ Evans (2003) pp. 2
  35. ^ Saputra 2020, p. 156.
  36. ^ Friend (2003) p. 405
  37. ^ Ikrar Nusa Bhakti (2001) p. 205
  38. ^ 1945 Constitution, Article 7C
  39. ^ a b c RI, Setjen DPR. "Tentang DPR – Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat". www.dpr.go.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  40. ^ RI, Setjen DPR. "Tentang DPR – Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat". www.dpr.go.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  41. ^ RI, Setjen DPR. "Tentang DPR – Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat". www.dpr.go.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  42. ^ a b Kurniawan, Alek (2 October 2019). "kompas.com". Kompas. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  43. ^ "Pimpinan DPR RI". dpr.go.id. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  44. ^ "Wakil Ketua Bidang Politik dan Keamanan". dpr.go.id. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  45. ^ "Wakil Ketua Bidang Ekonomi dan Keuangan". dpr.go.id. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  46. ^ "Wakil Ketua Bidang Industri dan Pembangunan". dpr.go.id. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  47. ^ "Wakil Ketua Bidang Kesejahteraan Rakyat". dpr.go.id. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  48. ^ "Komisi I". dpr.go.id. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  49. ^ "Komisi II". dpr.go.id. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  50. ^ "Komisi III". dpr.go.id. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  51. ^ "Komisi IV". dpr.go.id. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  52. ^ "Komisi V". dpr.go.id. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  53. ^ "Komisi VI". dpr.go.id. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  54. ^ "Komisi VII". dpr.go.id. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  55. ^ "Bambang Hariyadi Gantikan Ramson Siagian Pimpin Komisi VII DPR RI". dpr.go.id. 6 May 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  56. ^ "Komisi VIII". dpr.go.id. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  57. ^ "Komisi IX". dpr.go.id. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  58. ^ "Komisi X". dpr.go.id. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  59. ^ "Komisi XI". dpr.go.id. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  60. ^ "Complementary Organs: Steering Committee". dpr.go.id. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  61. ^ "Complementary Organs: Legislation Committee". dpr.go.id. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  62. ^ "Complementary Organs: Budget Committee". dpr.go.id. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  63. ^ "Complementary Organs: Household Committee". dpr.go.id. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  64. ^ "Complementary Organs: Committee for Inter-Parliamentary Cooperation". dpr.go.id. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  65. ^ "Complementary Organs: Ethics Committee". dpr.go.id. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  66. ^ "PKS remains in opposition after meeting Jokowi". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  67. ^ Of the ten initial parties, five parties (Hanura, PSI, Perindo, PKPI, and PBB) eventually have no seat in the DPR. However, the other five parties (PDI-P, Golkar, Nasdem, PKB, and PPP) hold enough seats to form the majority coalition.
  68. ^ Gerindra, Demokrat, PKS, PAN, and Berkarya Party formed the minority coalition; Berkarya held no seat in the DPR.
  69. ^ "Indonesia's President selects Cabinet, appointing Opposition Leader as Defence Minister". Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  70. ^ Taufiqurrahman, M. (10 December 2004). "House, parties 'most corrupt'". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
  71. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia (29 August 1995). Gedung MPR/DPR RI: Sejarah dan Perkembangannya. Jakarta: Tim Panitia Penerbitan Buku Gedung MPR/DPR RI. ISBN 978-979-8776-00-7.
  72. ^ a b BSID-MPR. "MPR RI | Rumah Kebangsaan". mpr.go.id. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  73. ^ Nindita, Hasya. "Sejarah Gedung DPR/MPR: Digagas Sukarno, Dirampungkan Soeharto". tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  74. ^ RFQ. "Sekelumit Kisah Gedung DPR". hukumonline.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  75. ^ Indrayana, Denny (2005). "Indonesian constitutional reform 1999–2002: an evaluation of constitution-making in transition". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  76. ^ B., Imam; Kurmala, Azis. Fitriyanti, Azizah (ed.). "DPR obtains government's letter on study of capital city relocation". Antara News. Jakarta: antaranews.com. Retrieved 11 November 2021.

Sources

  • Cribb, Robert (2001) Parlemen Indonesia 1945–1959 (Indonesian Parliaments 1945–1959) in Panduan Parlemen Indonesia (Indonesian Parliamentary Guide), Yayasan API, Jakarta, ISBN 979-96532-1-5
  • Daniel Dhaidae & H. Witdarmono (Eds) (2000) Wajah Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia Pemilihan Umum 1999 (Faces of the Republic of Indonesia People's Representative Council 1999 General Election) Harian Kompas, Jakarta, ISBN 979-9251-43-5
  • Denny Indrayana (2008) Indonesian Constitutional Reform 1999–2002: An Evaluation of Constitution-Making in Transition, Kompas Book Publishing, Jakarta ISBN 978-979-709-394-5
  • Evans, Kevin Raymond, (2003) The History of Political Parties & General Elections in Indonesia, Arise Consultancies, Jakarta, ISBN 979-97445-0-4
  • Friend, Theodore (2003) Indonesian Destinies The Belknap Press of Harvard university Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01137-3
  • Hughes, John (2002), The End of Sukarno – A Coup that Misfired: A Purge that Ran Wild, Archipelago Press, ISBN 981-4068-65-9
  • Ikrar Nusa Bhakti (2001) Parlemen Dalam Konteks Sejarah 1959–1998 (Parliament in the Historical Context 1959–1998) in Militer dan Parlemen di Indonesia (The Military and Indonesian Parliament in Indonesia) in Panduan Parlelem Indonesia (Indonesian Parliamentary Guide), Yayasan API, Jakarta, ISBN 979-96532-1-5
  • Kahin, George McTurnan (1952) Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia Cornell University Press, ISBN 0-8014-9108-8
  • Hilmi Syatria, ed. (1995), Gedung MPR/DPR RI: Sejarah dan Perkembangannya [MPR/DPR RI Building: History and Development] (PDF) (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Tim Panitia Penerbitan Buku Gedung MPR/DPR RI, ISBN 979-8776-003
  • Poltak Partogi Nainggolan (2001) Parlemen Dalam Konteks Sejarah 1959-1998 (Parliament in the Historical Context 1959–1998) in Panduan Parlelem Indonesia (Indonesian Parliamentary Guide), Yayasan API, Jakarta, ISBN 979-96532-1-5
  • Ricklefs (1982), A History of Modern Indonesia, Macmillan Southeast Asian reprint, ISBN 0-333-24380-3
  • Sekretariat Jenderal DPR RI (2015). "About the House". DPR website. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
  • Schwarz, Adam (1994), A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s, Allen & Unwin, ISBN 1-86373-635-2
  • Tim Penyusun Sejarah (1970), Seperempat Abad Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia [A Quarter Century of the People's Representative Council of the Republic of Indonesia] (PDF) (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Sekretariat DPR-GR
  • Yulisman, Linda (17 April 2019). "Indonesia election: Ruling coalition led by PDI-P on track to win most seats in Parliament". The Straits Times. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
  • Saputra, Amrizal, Wira Sugiarto, Suyendri, Zulfan Ikhram, Khairil Anwar, M. Karya Mukhsin, Risman Hambali, Khoiri, Marzuli Ridwan Al-bantany, Zuriat Abdillah, Dede Satriani, Wan M. Fariq, Suwarto, Adi Sutrisno, Ahmad Fadhli (15 October 2020). PROFIL ULAMA KARISMATIK DI KABUPATEN BENGKALIS: MENELADANI SOSOK DAN PERJUANGAN (in Indonesian). CV. DOTPLUS Publisher. ISBN 978-623-94659-3-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

External links