| The Paleolithic |
|---|
| ↑ Pliocene (before Homo) |
| ↓ Mesolithic |
Sebilian is a pre-historic archaeological culture in Nubia[1] spanning the period c. 13,000–10,000 B.C.
Location
The culture is known by the name given by Edmond Vignard to finds he located at Kom Ombo on the banks of the river Nile from 1919 continuing into the 1920s.
Nine sites were found by A. Marks in the area of the Wadi Halfa; Wendorf located three approximately 10 kilometres from Abu Simbel. The culture is located in entirety only in proximity to the Nile, ranging from Wadi Halfa to Qena.[2]
Dating
The culture was dated by Vignard as spanning the period c. 13,000–10,000 B.C.[3]
Dating by way of geology shows the industry to have occurred within a period 15,000 - 10,500 B.C[4] though the industry has been subsequently re-established sui generis as emerging during 13,000 BC.[5]
Later archaeology had identified the Sebilian as having occurred during the same periods of time as those industries named the Silsilian, and the Sebekian of Upper Egypt that occurred 12,000 B.C. or perhaps earlier.
Vignard's analysis of the findings have been criticised, and later re-evaluated by P.E.L. Smith and Fekri Hassan[6] though are considered to have given life to the modern field of investigation into a hitherto unknown (or only surmised) area of pre-history of Egypt.[7]
Characteristics
Sebilian implements were located along the Nile River at the 10–15 foot terraces.[8] The formal characteristics of the finds indicate a development of technique that passed through three phases.
- SEBILIAN I were formally akin to Mousteroid tool-points, using a technique typical of the levallois diorite based industry, with few microburins present archaeologically.
- SEBILIAN II and III tools were made using a technique indicative of a microblade industry that had changed the production material to flint with a much greater number of microburins found.[6]
The industry was re-designated SEBILIAN based on those previously classified type I, and described as crudely produced, possibly resultant of the necessities of the occasional opportunities for groups engaged in hunting activities.[5]
The dietary manifestations evidenced were of the sort expected from a semi-sedentary population living near to the Nile river, namely fish, and much less frequently crocodile and turtle.[4]
References
- ^ "Introduction to Ancient Egypt | World Civilizations I (HIS101) – Biel". courses.lumenlearning.com. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
- ^ Béatrix Midant-Reynes The prehistory of Egypt from the first Egyptians to the first pharaohs - 328 pages Wiley-Blackwell, 28 Feb 2000 Retrieved 2012-01-10 ISBN 0-631-21787-8
- ^ Ian Shaw, Robert JamesonA dictionary of archaeology. Wiley-Blackwell, 2002. 6 May 2002. ISBN 9780631235835. Retrieved 2012-01-10. ISBN 0-631-23583-3
- ^ a b Karl W. Butzer Environment and archeology: an ecological approach to prehistory. Taylor & Francis, 1972 - 703 pages. 1972. ISBN 9780416675009. Retrieved 2012-01-10. ISBN 0-416-67500-X
- ^ a b page 160 of Butzer Karl W. Butzer, Karl W. (1997). "Late Quaternary problems of the Egyptian Nile : stratigraphy, environments, prehistory". Paléorient. 23 (2). Paléorient. 1997, Vol. 23 N°2. Paléoenvironnement et sociétés humaines au moyen-orient de 20 000 BP à 6 000 BP. pp. 151-173: 151–173. doi:10.3406/paleo.1997.4658. Retrieved 2012-01-14.
- ^ a b Michael A. Hoffman Egypt before the pharaohs: the prehistoric foundations of Egyptian civilization. Taylor & Francis, 1980. 1980. ISBN 0-7100-0495-8. Retrieved 2012-01-10.
- ^ PEL Smith - 2009 "New Prehistoric Investigations at Kom Ombo (Upper Egypt)" (PDF). University of Montreal. Retrieved 2012-01-10.
- ^ Langer, William L., ed. (1972). An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 9. ISBN 0-395-13592-3.