Battle of Honey Springs

The Summit of the Americas (SOA) is an international summit meeting that brings together the leaders of countries in the Organization of American States (OAS). Cuba was expelled from the OAS under pressure from the United States after the Cuban Revolution of 1959. Cuba participated in the 2015 summit in Panama, and sent its foreign minister to the subsequent 2018 summit in Peru.^[1]^[2] In the early 1990s, the formerly ad hoc summits were institutionalized into a regular "Summit of the Americas" based on the principles of democracy and free trade.^[3] The meetings, organized by a number of multilateral bodies led by the OAS, provide an opportunity for discussions about a variety of issues and topics.

The last summit to take place was the 9th Summit of the Americas in Los Angeles, United States of America from June 8–10, 2022.

List of summits

Summit	Dates	Host Country	Host City	Host leader	Joint Statement
1st	December 9–11, 1994	United States^[4]	Miami	Bill Clinton
Special	December 7-8, 1996	Bolivia	Santa Cruz	Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
2nd	April 18–19, 1998	Chile^[5]	Santiago	Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle
3rd	April 20–22, 2001	Canada^[6]	Quebec City	Jean Chrétien
Special	January 12–13, 2004	Mexico^[7]	Monterrey	Vicente Fox
4th	November 4–5, 2005	Argentina^[8]	Mar del Plata	Néstor Kirchner
5th	April 17–19, 2009	Trinidad and Tobago^[9]^[10]	Port-of-Spain	Patrick Manning
6th	April 14–15, 2012	Colombia^[11]	Cartagena	Juan Manuel Santos Calderón
7th	April 10–11, 2015	Panama^[12]	Panama City	Juan Carlos Varela
8th	April 13–14, 2018	Peru^[13]	Lima	Martín Vizcarra
9th	June 6–10, 2022	United States^[14]	Los Angeles	Joe Biden	Los Angeles Declaration on Migration and Protection
10th	October, 2025	Dominican Republic	Punta Cana

The events that garnered the most general public and media attention were the Quebec City and Mar del Plata summits (3rd and 4th respectively), both of which provoked very large anti-globalization and anti-Free Trade Area of the Americas protests and attendant police response.

OAS member states

All 35 independent nations of the Americas are members of the OAS.

Nation	Capital city	HDI (2019 estimate for 2018)^[15]	Official or National language(s)	Heads of government
Antigua and Barbuda	St. John's	0.776	English	Gaston Browne
Argentina	Buenos Aires	0.830	Spanish	Javier Milei
The Bahamas	Nassau	0.805	English	Philip Davis
Barbados	Bridgetown	0.813	English	Mia Mottley
Belize	Belmopan	0.720	English	Johnny Briceño
Bolivia	Sucre	0.703	Spanish	Luis Arce
Brazil	Brasília	0.761	Portuguese	Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Canada	Ottawa	0.922	English, French	Justin Trudeau
Chile	Santiago	0.847	Spanish	Gabriel Boric
Colombia	Bogota	0.761	Spanish	Gustavo Petro
Costa Rica	San José	0.794	Spanish	Rodrigo Chaves Robles
Cuba	Havana	0.778	Spanish	Miguel Díaz-Canel
Dominica	Roseau	0.724	English	Roosevelt Skerrit
Dominican Republic	Santo Domingo	0.745	Spanish	Luis Abinader
Ecuador	Quito	0.758	Spanish	Guillermo Lasso
El Salvador	San Salvador	0.667	Spanish	Nayib Bukele
Grenada	St. George's	0.763	English	Dickon Mitchell
Guatemala	Guatemala City	0.651	Spanish	Alejandro Giammattei
Guyana	Georgetown	0.670	English	Irfaan Ali
Haiti	Port-au-Prince	0.503	French, Haitian Creole	Ariel Henry
Honduras	Tegucigalpa	0.623	Spanish	Xiomara Castro
Jamaica	Kingston	0.726	English	Andrew Holness
Mexico	Mexico City	0.767	Spanish	Andrés Manuel López Obrador
Nicaragua*	Managua	0.651	Spanish	Daniel Ortega
Panama	Panama City	0.795	Spanish	Laurentino Cortizo
Paraguay	Asuncion	0.724	Spanish, Guarani	Mario Abdo Benítez
Peru	Lima	0.759	Spanish	Dina Boluarte
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Basseterre	0.777	English	Terrance Drew
Saint Lucia	Castries	0.745	English	Philip J. Pierre
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Kingstown	0.728	English	Ralph Gonsalves
Suriname	Paramaribo	0.724	Dutch	Chan Santokhi
Trinidad and Tobago	Port of Spain	0.799	English	Keith Rowley
United States	Washington D.C.	0.920	English	Joe Biden
Uruguay	Montevideo	0.808	Spanish	Luis Lacalle Pou
Venezuela	Caracas	0.726	Spanish	Nicolás Maduro

In 2021, The Ortega government announced its decision to withdraw Nicaragua from the Organization of American States.

Non-members

The following jurisdictions are not members of the OAS as they are dependencies of other nations. They are grouped under the nation that has sovereignty over them.

Sovereign state	Jurisdiction	Dependency type
Denmark	Greenland	Autonomous country
France	French Guiana	Overseas region
	Guadeloupe	Overseas region
	Martinique	Overseas region
	Saint Barthélemy	Overseas collectivity
	Saint Martin	Overseas collectivity
	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	Overseas collectivity
Netherlands	Aruba	Constituent country
	Bonaire	Public body
	Curaçao	Constituent country
	Saba	Public body
	Sint Eustatius	Public body
	Sint Maarten	Constituent country
United Kingdom	Anguilla	Overseas territory
	Bermuda	Overseas territory
	British Virgin Islands	Overseas territory
	Cayman Islands	Overseas territory
	Falkland Islands	Overseas territory
	Montserrat	Overseas territory
	South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	Overseas territory
	Turks and Caicos Islands	Overseas territory
United States	Puerto Rico	Unincorporated organized commonwealth
United States	U.S. Virgin Islands	Unincorporated organized territory

References

^ Prieto, Alfredo (April 15, 2009). "verybody But Cuba". Havana Times.
^ "Cuba's Raul Castro skips Summit of the Americas". 13 April 2018.
^ Twaddle, Andrew C. (2002). Health Care Reform Around the World. Greenwood Publishing. p. 382. ISBN 9780865692886.
^ "I Summit". www.summit-americas.org. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
^ "II Summit". www.summit-americas.org. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
^ "III Summit". www.summit-americas.org. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
^ Special summit
^ IV summit (4th)
^ V summit (5th)
^ http://www.fifthsummitoftheamericas.org/ ^{[bare URL]}
^ VI summit (6th)
^ VII summit (7th)
^ PERÚ, Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA. "Peru President attends Summit of the Americas opening ceremony". andina.pe. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
^ House, The White (January 19, 2022). "President Biden Announces Host City for Ninth Summit of the Americas". The White House. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
^ Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). New York: United Nations Development Programme. 2019. pp. 300–303. ISBN 978-92-1-126439-5. Retrieved 23 February 2020.

Sources

Twaddle, Andrew C. (2002). Health Care Reform Around the World. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 978-0-86569-288-6; OCLC 48132063

External links

Media related to Summit of the Americas at Wikimedia Commons

Official website
Summits of the Americas Follow-up System (SISCA)
Follow-up and Implementation of Summits
Summits Virtual community (SVC)

[1] Prieto, Alfredo (April 15, 2009). "verybody But Cuba". Havana Times.

[2] "Cuba's Raul Castro skips Summit of the Americas". 13 April 2018.

[twaddle382-3] Twaddle, Andrew C. (2002). Health Care Reform Around the World. Greenwood Publishing. p. 382. ISBN 9780865692886.

[4] "I Summit". www.summit-americas.org. Retrieved 2024-01-24.

[5] "II Summit". www.summit-americas.org. Retrieved 2024-01-24.

[6] "III Summit". www.summit-americas.org. Retrieved 2024-01-24.

[7] Special summit

[8] IV summit (4th)

[9] V summit (5th)

[10] ttp://www.fifthsummitoftheamericas.org/ ^{[bare URL]}

[11] VI summit (6th)

[12] VII summit (7th)

[13] PERÚ, Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA. "Peru President attends Summit of the Americas opening ceremony". andina.pe. Retrieved June 7, 2023.

[14] House, The White (January 19, 2022). "President Biden Announces Host City for Ninth Summit of the Americas". The White House. Retrieved June 7, 2023.

[2019_with_components-15] Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). New York: United Nations Development Programme. 2019. pp. 300–303. ISBN 978-92-1-126439-5. Retrieved 23 February 2020.

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Summits of the Americas
Regular	1st: Miami, United States (1994) 2nd: Santiago, Chile (1998) 3rd: Quebec City, Canada (2001) 4th: Mar del Plata, Argentina (2005) 5th: Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago (2009) 6th: Cartagena, Colombia (2012) 7th: Panama City, Panama (2015) 8th: Lima, Peru (2018) 9th: Los Angeles, United States (2022)
Special	Summit of the Americas on Sustainable Development: Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (1996) Monterrey Special Summit of the Americas: Monterrey, Mexico (2004)