Fort Towson

A cigar with an airtight storage tube and a double guillotine-style cutter

A cigar is a tobacco product made to be smoked. Cigars are produced in a variety of shapes and sizes. Since the 20th century, almost all cigars are made of three distinct components: the filler, the binder leaf which holds the filler together, and a wrapper leaf, for appearance and flavor, which is often the highest quality leaf used. Often there will be a cigar band printed with the cigar manufacturer's logo. Modern cigars can come with two or more, highlighting special qualities such as age and origin of the tobaccos used.

Cigar smoking carries a variety of serious health risks, including developing cancer, respiratory, cardiovascular, periodontal and other diseases.[1]

Etymology

The word cigar originally derives from the Mayan sikar ("to smoke rolled tobacco leaves"—from si'c, "tobacco"). The Spanish word "cigarro" is derived from it. The English abbreviation “cigar” came into general use in 1730.[2]

History

Indigenous tobacco pipe on display at the regional museum in San Andrés Tuxtla, Mexico

Although the specific origin of the cigar is unknown, a Mayan ceramic pot from Guatemala dating back to the 10th century depicts people smoking tobacco leaves tied together with a string.[citation needed]

The practice of tobacco smoking was widely diffused among many of the islands of the Caribbean in the pre-Contact period. It was first observed by European Age of Discovery explorers when encountering the indigenous Taino people of Cuba in 1492.[3][4][5]

The Spanish historian, landowner, and Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas vividly described how the first scouts sent by Christopher Columbus into the interior of Cuba found

Men with half-burned wood in their hands and certain herbs to take their smokes, which are some dry herbs put in a certain leaf, also dry, like those the boys make on the day of the Passover of the Holy Ghost; and having lighted one part of it, by the other they suck, absorb, or receive that smoke inside with the breath, by which they become benumbed and almost drunk, and so it is said they do not feel fatigue. These, muskets as we will call them, they call tabacos. I knew Spaniards on this island of Española who were accustomed to take it, and being reprimanded for it, by telling them it was a vice, they replied they were unable to cease using it. I do not know what relish or benefit they found in it.[6]

Following the first wave of European colonization, tobacco became one of the primary products fueling European colonialism, and also became a driving factor in the incorporation of African slave labor.[3][4][5][7] The Spanish introduced tobacco to Europeans in about 1528, and by 1533, Diego Columbus mentioned a tobacco merchant of Lisbon in his will, showing how quickly the traffic had sprung up. The French, Spanish, and Portuguese initially referred to the plant as the "sacred herb" because of its alleged medicinal properties.[6]

In time, Spanish and other European sailors adopted the practice of smoking rolls of leaves, as did the Spanish and Portuguese conquistadors.[3][5] Smoking primitive cigars spread to Spain, Portugal, and eventually France, most probably through Jean Nicot, the French ambassador to Portugal, whose name became the root of the word nicotine.[5] Later, tobacco use spread to the Italian kingdoms, the Dutch Empire, and, after Sir Walter Raleigh's voyages to the Americas, to Great Britain. Tobacco smoking became familiar throughout Europe—in pipes in Britain—by the mid-16th century.[5]

Spanish cultivation of tobacco began in earnest in 1531 on the island of Hispaniola.[4][8] In 1542, tobacco started to be grown commercially in North America, when Spaniards established the first cigar factory in Cuba.[9] Tobacco was originally thought to have medicinal qualities, but some considered it evil. It was denounced by Philip II of Spain and James I of England.[10]

Around 1592, the Spanish galleon San Clemente brought 50 kilograms (110 lb) of tobacco seed to the Philippines over the Acapulco-Manila trade route. It was distributed among Roman Catholic missionaries, who found excellent climates and soils for growing high-quality tobacco there. The use of the cigar did not become popular until the mid 18th century, and although there are few drawings from this era, there are some reports.

Harry Nelson Pillsbury smoking a cigar

It is believed that Israel Putnam brought back a cache of Havana cigars during the Seven Years' War,[11] making cigar smoking popular in the US after the American Revolution. He also brought Cuban tobacco seeds, which he planted in the Hartford area of New England. This reportedly resulted in the development of the renowned shade-grown Connecticut wrapper.[12]

Towards the end of the 18th century and in the 19th century, cigar smoking was common, while cigarettes were comparatively rare. Towards the end of the 19th century, Rudyard Kipling wrote his famous smoking poem, The Betrothed (1886). The cigar business was an important industry and factories employed many people before mechanized manufacturing of cigars became practical. Cigar workers in both Cuba and the US were active in labor strikes and disputes from early in the 19th century, and the rise of modern labor unions can be traced to the CMIU and other cigar worker unions.[13]

Inside an Ybor City cigar factory c. 1920
Hand rolling cigars and relevant artifacts, Ybor City Museum State Park display, Tampa, Florida
Cigar making at Tampa's J.C. Newman Cigar Company, using machines from the 1930s

In 1869, Spanish cigar manufacturer Vicente Martinez Ybor moved his Principe de Gales (Prince of Wales) operations from the cigar manufacturing center of Havana, Cuba to Key West, Florida to escape the turmoil of the Ten Years' War. Other manufacturers followed, and Key West became an important cigar manufacturing center. In 1885, Ybor moved again, buying land near the small city of Tampa, Florida and building the largest cigar factory in the world at the time[14] in the new company town of Ybor City. Friendly rival and Flor de Sánchez y Haya owner Ignacio Haya built his factory nearby the same year, and many other cigar manufacturers followed, especially after an 1886 fire that gutted much of Key West. Thousands of Cuban and Spanish tabaqueros came to the area from Key West, Cuba and New York to produce hundreds of millions of cigars annually. Local output peaked in 1929, when workers in Ybor City and West Tampa rolled over 500 million "clear Havana" cigars, earning the town the nickname "Cigar Capital of the World".[15][16][17][18] At its peak, there were 150 cigar factories in Ybor city, but by early in the next decade, nearly all of the factories had closed.[19][20] Only one company still makes cigars in the Ybor City area, the J. C. Newman Cigar Company, which moved to Tampa from Ohio in 1954 and took over the previous Regensburg cigar factory. The company was continuing to utilize some antique, hand-operated ARENCO and American Machine and Foundry cigarmaking machines from the 1930's.[21]

In New York, cigars were made by rollers working in their homes. It was reported that as of 1883, cigars were being manufactured in 127 apartment houses in New York, employing 1,962 families and 7,924 individuals. A state statute banning the practice, passed late that year at the urging of trade unions on the basis that the practice suppressed wages, was ruled unconstitutional less than four months later. The industry, which had relocated to Brooklyn (then a separate municipality) and other places on Long Island while the law was in effect, then returned to New York.[22]

As of 1905, there were 80,000 cigar-making operations in the US, most of them small, family-operated shops where cigars were rolled and sold immediately.[15] While most cigars are now made by machine, some, as a matter of prestige and quality, are rolled by hand—especially in Central America and Cuba, as well as in small chinchales in sizable cities in the US.[15] Boxes of hand-rolled cigars bear the phrase totalmente a mano (totally by hand) or hecho a mano (made by hand). These premium hand-rolled cigars are significantly different from the machine-made cigars sold in packs at drugstores and gas stations. Since the 1990s there has been severe contention between producers and aficionados of premium handmade cigars and cigarette manufacturing companies[clarification needed] that create machine-made cigars.[citation needed]

Manufacture

An aged tobacco leaf being examined
Cigar makers in Puerto Rico, c. 1942
Cigars making in Inle Lake (Myanmar)

Tobacco leaves are harvested and aged using a curing process that combines heat and shade to reduce sugar and water content without causing the larger leaves to rot. This takes between 25 and 45 days, depending upon climatic conditions and the nature of sheds used to store harvested tobacco. Curing varies by type of tobacco and desired leaf color. A slow fermentation follows, where temperature and humidity are controlled to enhance flavor, aroma, and burning characteristics while forestalling rot or disintegration.

The leaf will continue to be baled, inspected, un-baled, re-inspected, and baled again during the aging cycle. When it has matured to manufacturer's specifications it is sorted for appearance and overall quality, and used as filler or wrapper accordingly. During this process, leaves are continually moistened to prevent damage.

Quality cigars are still handmade.[23] An experienced cigar-roller can produce hundreds of good, nearly identical cigars per day. The rollers keep the tobacco moist—especially the wrapper—and use specially designed crescent-shaped knives, called chavetas, to form the filler and wrapper leaves quickly and accurately.[23] Once rolled, the cigars are stored in wooden forms as they dry, in which their uncapped ends are cut to a uniform size.[23] From this stage, the cigar is a complete product that can be "laid down" and aged for decades if kept as close to 21 °C (70 °F) and 70% relative humidity as possible. Once purchased, proper storage is typically in a specialized cedar-lined wooden humidor.

Vendor rolling cigars at the Eyipantla Falls in San Andrés Tuxtla, Mexico

Some cigars, especially premium brands, use different varieties of tobacco for the filler and the wrapper. Long filler cigars are a far higher quality of cigar, using long leaves throughout. These cigars also use a third variety of tobacco leaf, called a "binder", between the filler and the outer wrapper. This permits the makers to use more delicate and attractive leaves as a wrapper. These high-quality cigars almost always blend varieties of tobacco. Even Cuban long-filler cigars will combine tobaccos from different parts of the island to incorporate several different flavors.

In low-grade and machine-made cigars, chopped tobacco leaves are used for the filler, and long leaves or a type of "paper" made from reconstituted tobacco pulp is used for the wrapper.[23] Chopped leaves and a pulp wrapper alter the flavor and burning characteristics of the result vis-a-vis handmade cigars.

Historically, a lector or reader was employed to entertain cigar factory workers. This practice became obsolete once audiobooks for portable music players became available, but it is still practiced in some Cuban factories.

Dominant manufacturers

Cigars (top to bottom) by H. Upmann, Montecristo, Macanudo, Romeo y Julieta

Two firms dominate the cigar industry, Altadis and the Scandinavian Tobacco Group.

Altadis, a Spanish-owned private concern, produces cigars in the US, the Dominican Republic, and Honduras, and owns a 50% stake in Corporación Habanos S.A., the state owned national Cuban tobacco company. It also makes cigarettes. The Scandinavian Tobacco Group produces cigars in the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua, Indonesia, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark and the United States; it also makes pipe tobacco and fine cut tobacco. The Group includes General Cigar Co.[24]

The town of Tamboril in Santiago, Dominican Republic is considered by many as today's "Cigar Capital of the World" housing more cigar factories and rollers than anywhere else in the world.[25] According to Cigar Aficionado magazine, 44% of the world's most traded cigars come from the Dominican Republic, the world's largest producer of cigars,[26] especially from the fertile lands of the Cibao capital, where 90% of the factories are located.[27] The area has also been the largest supplier of cigars to the US in the last decades.[28]

Families in the cigar industry

Nearly all modern premium cigar makers are members of long-established cigar families, or purport to be, most originally rooted in the historic Cuban cigar industry. The art and skill of hand-making premium cigars has been passed from generation to generation. Families are often shown in many cigar advertisements and packaging.[29]

A Tuscan cigar

In 1992, Cigar Aficionado magazine created the "Cigar Hall of Fame" and recognized the following six individuals:[30]

Other families in the cigar industry (2015)

  • Manuel Quesada (MATASA Current CEO) Fonseca, Casa Magna, Quesada cigars, Dominican Republic
  • Don José "Pepín" Garcia, Chairman, El Rey de Los Habanos, Miami, Florida, United States
  • Aray Family – Daniel Aray Jr, Grandson of Founder (1952) Jose Aray, ACC Cigars, Guayaquil Ecuador, San Francisco, CA, Miami Florida, Macau SAR, Shanghai China.
  • EPC – Ernesto Perez-Carillo, Founder EPC Cigar Company (2009), Miami, Florida, United States
  • Nestor Miranda – Founder, Miami Cigar Company (1989) Miami, FL, United States
  • Blanco family – Jose "Jochy" Blanco, son of Founder (1936) Jose Arnaldo Blanco Polanco, Tabacalera La Palma, Santiago, Dominican Republic
  • Hermann Dietrich Upmann, founder of the H. Upmann brand 1844 in Cuba

Marketing and distribution

Cigar cases from the Te Amo and Sihuapan manufacturers in Mexico
Arturo Fuente cigar boxes at 2005 Tampa Cigar Heritage Festival. The Montesino cigars are also produced by Tabacalera A. Fuente y Cia.
In Brazil.

Pure tobacco, hand rolled cigars are marketed via advertisements, product placement in movies and other media, sporting events, cigar-friendly magazines such as Cigar Aficionado, and cigar dinners. Since handmade cigars are a premium product with a hefty price, advertisements often include depictions of affluence, sensual imagery, and explicit or implied celebrity endorsement.[31]

Cigar Aficionado, launched in 1992, presents cigars as symbols of a successful lifestyle, and is a major conduit of advertisements that do not conform to the tobacco industry's voluntary advertisement restrictions since 1965, such as a restriction not to associate smoking with glamour. The magazine also presents pro-smoking arguments at length, and argues that cigars are safer than cigarettes, since they do not have the thousands of chemical additives that cigarette manufactures add to the cutting floor scraps of tobacco used as cigarette filler. The publication also presents arguments that risks are a part of daily life and that (contrary to the evidence discussed in Health effects) cigar smoking has health benefits, that moderation eliminates most or all health risk, and that cigar smokers live to old age, that health research is flawed, and that several health-research results support claims of safety.[32] Like its competitor Smoke, Cigar Aficionado differs from marketing vehicles used for other tobacco products in that it makes cigars the main (but not sole) focus of the magazine, creating a symbiosis between product and lifestyle.[33]

In the US, cigars have historically been exempt from many of the marketing regulations that govern cigarettes. For example, the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1970 exempted cigars from its advertising ban,[34] and cigar ads, unlike cigarette ads, need not mention health risks.[31] As of 2007, cigars were taxed far less than cigarettes, so much so that in many US states, a pack of little cigars cost less than half as much as a pack of cigarettes.[34] It is illegal for minors to purchase cigars and other tobacco products in the US, but laws are unevenly enforced: a 2000 study found that three-quarters of web cigar sites allowed minors to purchase them.[35]

In 2009, the US Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act provided the Food and Drug Administration regulatory authority over the manufacturing, distribution, and marketing of cigarettes, roll-your-own tobacco and smokeless tobacco. In 2016, a deeming rule extended the FDA's authority to additional tobacco products including cigars, e-cigarettes and hookah.[36] The objective of the law is to reduce the impact of tobacco on public health by preventing Americans from starting to use tobacco products, encourage current users to quit, and decrease the harms of tobacco product use.

In the US, inexpensive cigars are sold in convenience stores, gas stations, grocery stores, and pharmacies. Premium cigars are sold in tobacconists, cigar bars, and other specialized establishments.[37] Some cigar stores are part of chains, which have varied in size: in the US, United Cigar Stores was one of only three outstanding examples of national chains in the early 1920s, the others being A&P and Woolworth's.[38] Non-traditional outlets for cigars include hotel shops, restaurants, vending machines[37] and the Internet.[35]

Composition

Cigars are composed of three types of tobacco leaves, whose variations determine smoking and flavor characteristics:

Wrapper

Cigar Wrapper Color Chart.
Darker wrappers reflect tobacco type, age, and greater fermentation

A cigar's outermost layer, or wrapper (Spanish: capa), is the most expensive component of a cigar.[39] The wrapper determines much of the cigar's character and flavor, and as such its color is often used to describe the cigar as a whole. Wrappers are frequently grown underneath huge canopies made of gauze so as to diffuse direct sunlight and are fermented separately from other rougher cigar components, with a view to the production of a thinly-veined, smooth, supple leaf.[39]

Wrapper tobacco produced without the gauze canopies under which "shade grown" leaf is grown, generally more coarse in texture and stronger in flavor, is commonly known as "sun grown". A number of different countries are used for the production of wrapper tobacco, including Cuba, Ecuador, Indonesia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Brazil, Mexico, Cameroon, and the United States.[39]

While dozens of minor wrapper shades have been touted by manufacturers, the seven most common classifications are as follows,[40] ranging from lightest to darkest:

Color Description
Candela ("Double Claro") very light, slightly greenish. Achieved by picking leaves before maturity and drying quickly, the color coming from retained green chlorophyll.
Claro very light tan or yellowish
Colorado Claro medium brown
Colorado ("Rosado") reddish-brown
Colorado Maduro darker brown
Maduro very dark brown
Oscuro ("Double Maduro") black

Some manufacturers use an alternate designation:

Designation Acronym Description
American Market Selection AMS synonymous with Candela ("Double Claro")
English Market Selection EMS any natural colored wrapper which is darker than Candela, but lighter than Maduro[41]
Spanish Market Selection SMS one of the two darkest colors, Maduro or Oscuro

In general, dark wrappers add a touch of sweetness, while light ones add a hint of dryness to the taste.[23]

Binder

Beneath the wrapper is a small bunch of "filler" leaves bound together inside of a leaf called a "binder" (Spanish: capote). The binder leaf is typically the sun-saturated leaf from the top part of a tobacco plant and is selected for its elasticity and durability in the rolling process.[39] Unlike the wrapper leaf, which must be uniform in appearance and smooth in texture, the binder leaf may show evidence of physical blemishes or lack uniform coloration. The binder leaf is generally considerably thicker and hardier than the wrapper leaf surrounding it.

Filler

Long-leaf filler as used in a hand-rolled cigar (slightly crumbled during cutting)

The bulk of a cigar is "filler"—a bound bunch of tobacco leaves. These leaves are folded by hand to allow air passageways down the length of the cigar, through which smoke is drawn after the cigar is lit.[39] A cigar rolled with insufficient air passage is referred to by a smoker as "too tight"; one with excessive airflow creating an excessively fast, hot burn is regarded as "too loose". Considerable skill and dexterity on the part of the cigar roller is needed to avoid these opposing pitfalls—a primary factor in the superiority of hand-rolled cigars over their machine-made counterparts.[39]

By blending various varieties of filler tobacco, cigar makers create distinctive strength, aroma, and flavor profiles for their various branded products. In general, fatter cigars hold more filler leaves, allowing a greater potential for the creation of complex flavors. In addition to the variety of tobacco employed, the country of origin can be one important determinant of taste, with different growing environments producing distinctive flavors.

Short or chopped filler

The fermentation and aging process adds to this variety, as does the particular part of the tobacco plant harvested, with bottom leaves (Spanish: volado) having a mild flavor and burning easily, middle leaves (Spanish: seco) having a somewhat stronger flavor, with potent and spicy ligero leaves taken from the sun-drenched top of the plant. When used, ligero is always folded into the middle of the filler bunch due to its slow-burning characteristics.

Some cigar manufacturers purposely place different types of tobacco from one end to the other to give the cigar smokers a variety of tastes, body, and strength from start to finish.

If full leaves are used as filler, a cigar is said to be composed of "long filler". Cigars made from smaller bits of leaf, including many machine-made cigars, are said to be made of "short filler".

World's largest cigar at the Tobacco and Matchstick Museum in Skansen, Stockholm, Sweden

If a cigar is completely constructed (filler, binder, and wrapper) of tobacco produced in only one country, it is referred to in the cigar industry as a "puro", from the Spanish word for "pure".

Size and shape

Cigars are commonly categorized by their size and shape, which together are known as the vitola.

The size of a cigar is measured by two dimensions: its ring gauge (its diameter in sixty-fourths of an inch) and its length (in inches). In Cuba, next to Havana, there is a display of the world's longest rolled cigars.

Parejo

The most common shape is the parejo, sometimes referred to as simply "coronas", which have traditionally been the benchmark against which all other cigar formats are measured. They have a cylindrical shape their entire length, one end open, and a round tobacco-leaf "cap" on the other end that must be sliced off, notched, or pierced before smoking.

Parejos are designated by the following terms:

Term Length in inches Width in 64ths of an inch Metric length Metric width Etymology
Cigarillo ~ 3+12 ~ 21 ~ 8 cm ~ 8 mm Sizes may vary significantly. According to CigarCyclopedia, cigarillo is shorter than 6 inches (15 cm) and thinner than 29 ring gauge (11.5 mm).[42]
Rothschild 4+12 48 11 cm 19 mm after the Rothschild family
Robolo 4+12 60 11 cm 24 mm
Robusto 4+78 50 12 cm 20 mm
Small Panatella 5 33 13 cm 13 mm
Ascot 4+12 24 11 cm 13 mm
Petit Corona 5+18 42 13 cm 17 mm
Carlota 5+58 35 14 cm 14 mm
Corona 5+12 42 14 cm 17 mm
Corona Gorda 5+58 46 14 cm 18 mm
Panatella 6 38 15 cm 15 mm
Toro 6 50 15 cm 20 mm
Corona Grande 6+18 42 16 cm 17 mm
Lonsdale 6+12 42 17 cm 17 mm named for Hugh Cecil Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale
Churchill 7 47–50 18 cm 19–20 mm named for Sir Winston Churchill
Double Corona 7+58 49 19 cm 19 mm
Presidente 8 50 20 cm 20 mm
Gran Corona 9+14 47 23 cm 19 mm
Double Toro/Gordo 6 60 15 cm 24 mm

These dimensions are, at best, idealized. Actual dimensions can vary considerably.

Figurado

The parejo is the easiest and least expensive common cigar shape to produce

Irregularly shaped cigars are known as figurados and are often priced higher than generally similar sized parejos of a like combination of tobaccos because they are more difficult to make.

Historically, especially during the 19th century, figurados were the most popular shapes, but by the 1930s they had fallen out of fashion and all but disappeared. They have recently received a small resurgence in popularity, and currently many manufacturers produce figurados alongside the simpler parejos. The Cuban cigar brand Cuaba only has figurados in their range.

Figurados include the following:

Figurado Description
Torpedo Like a parejo except that the cap is pointed
Cheroot Like a parejo except that there is no cap, i.e. both ends are open
Pyramid Has a broad foot and evenly narrows to a pointed cap
Perfecto Narrow at both ends and bulged in the middle
Presidente/Diadema shaped like a parejo, but considered a figurado because of its enormous size and occasional closed foot akin to a perfecto
Culebras Three long, pointed cigars braided together
Chisel Is much like the Torpedo, but instead of coming to a rounded point, comes to a flatter, broader edge, much like an actual chisel. This shape was patented and can only be found in the La Flor Dominicana (LFD) brand

In practice, the terms Torpedo and Pyramid are often used interchangeably, even among knowledgeable cigar smokers. Min Ron Nee, the Hong Kong-based cigar expert whose work An Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Post-Revolution Havana Cigars is generally considered to be the definitive work on cigars and cigar terms,[citation needed] defines Torpedo as "cigar slang". Nee regards the majority usage of torpedoes as pyramids by another name as acceptable.[citation needed]

Arturo Fuente, a large cigar manufacturer based in the Dominican Republic, has also manufactured figurados in exotic shapes ranging from chili peppers to baseball bats and American footballs. They are highly collectible and extremely expensive, when available to the public.[43]

Cigarillo

Cohiba Mini and Dannemann Moods cigarillos

A cigarillo is a machine-made cigar that is shorter and narrower than a traditional cigar but larger than little cigars,[44] filtered cigars, and cigarettes, thus similar in size and composition to small panatela sized cigars, cheroots, and traditional blunts. Cigarillos are usually not filtered, although some have plastic or wood tips, and unlike other cigars, some are inhaled when used.[45] Cigarillos are sold in varying quantities: singles, two-packs, three-packs, and five-packs. Cigarillos are very inexpensive: in the United States, usually sold for less than a dollar. Sometimes they are informally called small cigars, mini cigars, or club cigars. Some famous cigar brands, such as Cohiba or Davidoff, also make cigarillos—Cohiba Mini and Davidoff Club Cigarillos, for example. And there are purely cigarillo brands, such as Café Crème, Dannemann Moods, Mehari's, Al Capone, and Swisher Sweets. Cigarillos are often used in making marijuana cigars.[46][47]

Little cigars

Little cigars (sometimes called small cigars or miniatures in the UK) differ greatly from regular cigars.[44] They weigh less than cigars and cigarillos,[48] but, more importantly, they resemble cigarettes in size, shape, packaging, and filters.[49] Sales of little cigars quadrupled in the US from 1971 to 1973 in response to the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act, which banned the broadcast of cigarette advertisements and required stronger health warnings on cigarette packs. Cigars were exempt from the ban, and perhaps more importantly, were taxed at a far lower rate. Little cigars are sometimes called "cigarettes in disguise", and unsuccessful attempts have been made to reclassify them as cigarettes. In the US, sales of little cigars reached an all-time high in 2006, fueled in great part by favorable taxation.[34] In some states, little cigars have successfully been taxed at the rate of cigarettes, such as Illinois,[50] as well as other states. This has caused yet another loophole, in which manufacturers classify their products as "filtered cigars" instead to avoid the higher tax rate. Yet, many continue to argue that there is in fact a distinction between little cigars and filtered cigars. Little cigars offer a similar draw and overall feel to cigarettes, but with aged and fermented tobaccos, while filtered cigars are said to be more closely related to traditional cigars, and are not meant to be inhaled.[51] Research shows that people do inhale smoke from little cigars.[52]

Cannagar

Recently, with the changing legality of cannabis, some suppliers are creating so-called "cannagars" (a portmanteau of "cannabis" and "cigar"). These are different from cannabis blunts. Modeled after a traditional cigar, a cannagar is cannabis wrapped within either cannabis or hemp leaf, like a traditional cigar is tobacco wrapped inside dried tobacco leaf. Unlike a cigar, cannagars do not usually contain tobacco, but they do need to be cut and lit like a cigar.[53]

Smoking

A double guillotine-style cutter, used for cutting the tip of a cigar, next to a hand-rolled H. Upmann Coronas Major cigar. The "Made in Cuba" label (see Cuban cigar) is visible on the lower tube.

Most machine-made cigars have pre-formed holes in one end or a wood or plastic tip for drawing in the smoke. Hand-rolled cigars require the blunt end to be pierced before lighting. The usual way to smoke a cigar is to not inhale, but to draw the smoke into the mouth. Some smokers inhale the smoke into the lungs, particularly with little cigars. A smoker may swirl the smoke around in the mouth before exhaling it, and may exhale part of the smoke through the nose in order to smell the cigar better as well as to taste it.

Cutting

Although a handful of cigars are cut or twirled on both ends, the vast majority come with one straight cut end and the other capped with one or more small pieces of wrapper adhered with either a natural tobacco paste or with a mixture of flour and water. The cap end of a cigar must be cut or pierced for the cigar smoke to be drawn properly.

The basic types of cigar cutter include:[54][55]

  • Guillotine (straight cut)
  • Punch
  • V-cut (a.k.a. notch cut, cat's eye, wedge cut, English cut)
  • Grip cutters
  • Cigar Scissors

Lighting

The head, or cap, of the cigar is usually the end closest to the cigar band, the other the "foot". The band identifies the type of the cigar and may be removed or left on. The smoker cuts or pierces the cap before lighting.

The cigar should be rotated during lighting to achieve an even burn while slowly drawn with gentle puffs. If a match is used it should be allowed to burn past its head before being put to the cigar, to avoid imparting unwelcome flavors or chemicals to the smoke. Many specialized gas and fluid lighters are made for lighting cigars. The tip of the cigar should minimally touch any flame, with special care used with torch lighters to avoid charring the tobacco leaves.

The third and most traditional way to light a cigar is to use a splinter of cedar known as a spill, which is lit separately before using.[56] Some cigars come individually wrapped in thin cedar sleeves or envelopes, and these can be used to assist in lighting them.

Flavor

Each brand and type of cigar has its unique taste. Whether a cigar is mild, medium, or full bodied does not correlate with quality.

Among the factors which contribute to the scent and flavor of cigar smoke are tobacco types and qualities used for filler, binder, and wrapper, age and aging method, humidity, production techniques (handmade vs. machine-made), and added flavors. Among wrappers, darker tend to produce a sweetness, while lighter usually have a "drier", more neutral taste.[23]

Evaluating the flavor of cigars is in some respects similar to wine-tasting. Journals are available for recording personal ratings, description of flavors observed, sizes, brands, etc. Some words used to describe cigar flavor and texture include; spicy, peppery (red or black), sweet, harsh, burnt, green, earthy, woody, cocoa, chestnut, roasted, aged, nutty, creamy, cedar, oak, chewy, fruity, and leathery.

Smoke

Smoke is produced by incomplete combustion of tobacco during which at least three kinds of chemical reactions occur: pyrolysis breaks down organic molecules into simpler ones, pyrosynthesis recombines these newly formed fragments into chemicals not originally present, and distillation moves compounds such as nicotine from the tobacco into the smoke. For every gram of tobacco smoked, a cigar emits about 120–140 mg of carbon dioxide, 40–60 mg of carbon monoxide, 3–4 mg of isoprene, 1 mg each of hydrogen cyanide and acetaldehyde, and smaller quantities of a large spectrum of volatile N-nitrosamines and volatile organic compounds, with the detailed composition unknown.[57]

The most odorous chemicals in cigar smoke are pyridines. Along with pyrazines, they are also the most odorous chemicals in cigar smokers' breath. These substances are noticeable even at extremely low concentrations of a few parts per billion. During smoking, it is not known whether these chemicals are generated by splitting the chemical bonds of nicotine or by Maillard reaction between amino acids and sugars in the tobacco.[58]

Cigar smoke is more alkaline than cigarette smoke, and is absorbed more readily by the mucous membrane of the mouth, making it easier for the smoker to absorb nicotine without having to inhale.[59] A single premium cigar may contain as much nicotine as a pack of cigarettes.[60]

Humidors

The level of humidity in which cigars are kept has a significant effect on their taste and evenness of burn. It is believed that a cigar's flavor best evolves when stored at a relative humidity similar to where the tobacco is grown, and in most cases, the cigars rolled, of approximately 65–70% and a temperature of 16–18 °C (61–64 °F).[61] Dry cigars become fragile and burn faster while damp cigars burn unevenly and take on a heavy acidic flavor. Humidors are used to maintain an even humidity level. Without one, cigars will lose moisture and acquire the ambient humidity within 2 to 3 days.[62] A humidor's interior lining is typically constructed with three types of wood: Spanish cedar, American (or Canadian) red cedar, and Honduran mahogany. Other materials used for making or lining a humidor are acrylic, tin (mainly seen in older early humidors) and copper, used widely in the 1920s–1950s.

Most humidors come with a plastic or metal case with a sponge that works as the humidifier, although most recent versions are of polymer acryl. The latter are filled only with distilled water; the former may use a solution of propylene glycol and distilled water. Humidifiers, and the cigars within them, may become contaminated with bacteria if they are kept too moist. New technologies employing plastic beads or gels which stabilize humidity are becoming widely available.[63]

A new humidor requires seasoning, after which a constant humidity must be maintained. The thicker the cedar lining the better. Many humidors contain an analog or digital hygrometer to aid in maintaining a desired humidity level. There are three types of analog: metal spring, natural hair, and synthetic hair.[64]

In recent times Electric Humidors, which feature a thermoelectric humidification system have become popular for larger cigar collections.[65]

Accessories

A cigar case made of crocodile skin with sterling silver appointments bearing a Birmingham hallmark for 1904

A wide variety of cigar accessories are available, in varying qualities.

Travel case

Travel cases protect cigars from direct exposure to the elements and minimize potential damage. Most come in expandable or sturdy leather, although metal leather and plastic lined cases are found. Some feature cardboard or metal tubes for additional protection.

Tube

Cigar tubes are used to carry small numbers of cigars, typically one or five, referred to by their number of "fingers". They are usually made from stainless steel, and used for short durations. For longer, a built in humidifier and hygrometer is used.

Ashtray

Ashtrays are used for collecting the ash produced by the cigar. Such ashtrays are typically larger than those used for cigarette smoking.

Holder

A cigar holder stood on end

A cigar holder is small tube in which the end of the cigar is held while smoked, to protect the hand from acquiring the odor of a burning cigar, historically used by women (for cigarettes as well). A cigar stand is a device used to keep a lit cigar out of an ashtray.

Health effects

Like other forms of tobacco use, cigar smoking poses a significant health risk depending on dosage: risks increase with exposure,[66] with a review of 22 studies finding that cigar smoking is associated with lung cancer, oral cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, laryngeal cancer, coronary heart disease (CHD), and aortic aneurysm.[1][67] Among cigar smokers who reported that they did not inhale, relative mortality (likelihood of death) risk was still highly elevated for oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers.[68]

Danger of mortality increases proportionally to use,[1] with smokers of one to two cigars per day showing a 2% increase in death rate, compared to non-smokers.[69] The precise statistical health risks to those who smoke less than daily are not established.[70]

While cigars smoke is typically not inhaled, the depth of its inhalation into the lungs appears to be an important determinant of lung cancer risk:

When cigar smokers don't inhale or smoke few cigars per day, the risks are only slightly above those of never smokers. Risks of lung cancer increase with increasing inhalation and with increasing number of cigars smoked per day, but the effect of inhalation is more powerful than that for number of cigars per day. When 5 or more cigars are smoked per day and there is moderate inhalation, the lung cancer risks of cigar smoking approximate those of a one pack per day cigarette smoker. As the tobacco smoke exposure of the lung in cigar smokers increases to approximate the frequency of smoking and depth of inhalation found in cigarette smokers, the difference in lung cancer risks produced by these two behaviors disappears.[71]

Cigar smoking can lead to nicotine addiction and cigarette usage.[72][73] For those who inhale and smoke several cigars a day, the health risk is similar to cigarette smokers.[1][73] Cigar smoking can also increase the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).[74][1][75][66][73]

So-called "little cigars" are commonly inhaled and likely pose the same health risks as cigarettes, while premium cigars are not commonly inhaled or habitually used.[76]

Specific risks

Cigar smoking carries serious health risks, including increased risk of developing various types and subtypes of cancers, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, periodontal diseases, teeth decay and loss, and malignant diseases.[74][1][75][77][67]

Popularity

Cigars displayed by the box in a shop window in Amsterdam, Netherlands

The prevalence of cigar smoking varies depending on location, historical period, and population surveyed. The United States is the top consuming country by total sales by a considerable margin,[clarification needed] followed by Germany and the United Kingdom. The U.S. and Western European countries account for about 75% of cigar sales worldwide.[24]

United States

Consumption of cigars in the U.S. rose from 6.2 billion in 2000 to the peak of an enormous "cigar boom" of 13.8 billion in 2012, which had receded to 11.4 billion by 2015.[78][79]

Among US adults ages 18 and older, 3% reported that they smoke cigars some days or every day (6% of men, 1% of women) in the 2015 National Health Interview Survey.[80]

Cigar use among youth declined sharply from 12% reporting having smoked a cigar within the past 30 days approaching the peak of the cigar boom in 2011 to 8% by 2016. Among high school students, cigar use is more common among males (10%) than females (6%). For African American high school students, cigar use is more prevalent (10%) than cigarette use (4%).[citation needed]

In popular culture

Historic portrayals of cigar smoking often caricatured the wealthy, portrayed with top hats and tailcoats like Rich Uncle Pennybags, the mascot of Monopoly board game. The parody extended to associations with both political and financial corruption, as in the cartoons of Thomas Nast. In the Western world, cigars are also stereotypically associated with mobsters, especially during the Prohibition era.

Culturally, cigars are often given out and smoked to celebrate special occasions, such as the birth of a baby,[81] weddings, graduations, promotions, and other totems of status or success.

In a reversal of recent previous decades' portrayal, beginning in the 1980s and 1990s major U.S. print media began to feature cigars favorably. Cigar use was generally framed as a pleasurable and trendy indulgence, deemphasizing its health risks.[82]

The expression "close but no cigar" comes from the former practice of giving away cigars as prizes in fairground games which require the player to hit a target (e.g., a bullseye).[83]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d e f Chang, Cindy M.; Corey, Catherine G.; Rostron, Brian L.; Apelberg, Benjamin J. (April 2015). "Systematic review of cigar smoking and all-cause and smoking-related mortality" (PDF). BMC Public Health. 15 (390). BioMed Central: 390. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1617-5. ISSN 1471-2458. PMC 4408600. PMID 25907101. S2CID 16482278. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  2. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  3. ^ a b c Hahn, Barbara (31 July 2019) [27 August 2018]. "Tobacco - Atlantic History". oxfordbibliographies.com. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/obo/9780199730414-0141. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Escudero, Antonio Gutiérrez (2014). "Hispaniola's Turn to Tobacco: Products from Santo Domingo in Atlantic Commerce". In Aram, Bethany; Yun-Casalilla, Bartolomé (eds.). Global Goods and the Spanish Empire, 1492–1824: Circulation, Resistance, and Diversity. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 216–229. doi:10.1057/9781137324054_12. ISBN 978-1-137-32405-4.
  5. ^ a b c d e Nater, Laura (2006). "Colonial Tobacco: Key Commodity of the Spanish Empire, 1500–1800". In Topik, Steven; Marichal, Carlos; Frank, Zephyr (eds.). From Silver to Cocaine: Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of the World Economy, 1500–2000. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. pp. 93–117. doi:10.1215/9780822388029-005. ISBN 978-0-8223-3753-9.
  6. ^ a b Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico p. 768.
  7. ^ Knight, Frederick C. (2010). "Cultivating Knowledge: African Tobacco and Cotton Workers in Colonial British America". Working the Diaspora: The Impact of African Labor on the Anglo-American World, 1650–1850. New York and London: New York University Press. pp. 65–85. doi:10.18574/nyu/9780814748183.003.0004. ISBN 9780814748183. LCCN 2009026860.
  8. ^ "Tobacco timeline". Archive.tobacco.org. 14 February 2019.
  9. ^ "The History of Cigars in the Old World". Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
  10. ^ "A bit of History". Cigars Review. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
  11. ^ McNichol, Tom (29 June 1997). "Cigar Asphyxionado". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
  12. ^ "A Brief History of the Cigar". Retrieved 21 August 2018.
  13. ^ Lerman, N. (ed.) Gender and Technology: A Reader, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0801872596 (2003), pp. 212–13.
  14. ^ "Florida State Parks". Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  15. ^ a b c Frank, Michael (1 December 1993). "Wise old hands". Cigaraficionado.com. Archived from the original on 25 February 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  16. ^ Ingalls, Robert (2003). Tampa Cigar Workers: A Pictorial History. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-2602-2.
  17. ^ Jamison, Gayla (Producer, Director, Writer) (1987). Living in America: 100 Years of Ybor City (video documentary). Tampa, Fl: Lightfoot Films, Inc.
  18. ^ Lastra, Frank (2006). Ybor City: The Making of a Landmark Town. University of Tampa Press. ISBN 978-1-59732-003-0.
  19. ^ "The last cigar factory in Tampa keeps rolling". Tampa Bay Times. 26 April 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  20. ^ "Ybor City History". City of Tampa. 14 January 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  21. ^ "You Can Tour Tampa Newman Cigar Factory and Be Like Walking Back in Time". Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  22. ^ "Tenement cigar making" (PDF). The New York Times. 30 January 1884. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  23. ^ a b c d e f Butcher, Vernon A. (1949). The Cigar. Orange, New Jersey: Standard Press.
  24. ^ a b Rarick CA (2 April 2008). "Note on the premium cigar industry". SSRN 1127582.
  25. ^ Almonte, Francisco. "DBL Cigars".
  26. ^ "Best Cigars: It's Not Just Havanas". Tobaccoasia. 16 May 2017.
  27. ^ Peña, Alexander (25 April 2015). "Santiago de los Caballeros, clúster del cigarro más cotizado del mundo". Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  28. ^ Yakowicqs, Will (17 March 2016). "Cuban Cigars Can Now Come to U.S. Will Anyone Care?". Inc.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016.
  29. ^ "The Change at C.A.O. | Cigar Stars". Cigar Aficionado. 1 April 2004. Archived from the original on 6 March 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  30. ^ "Cigar Aficionado Magazine Cigar Hall of Fame". Cigaraficionado.com. 1 December 2002. Archived from the original on 18 July 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  31. ^ a b Baker F, Ainsworth SR, Dye JT, et al. (2000). "Health risks associated with cigar smoking" (PDF). JAMA. 284 (6): 735–40. doi:10.1001/jama.284.6.735. PMID 10927783. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2019.
  32. ^ DeSantis AD, Morgan SE (2003). "Sometimes a cigar [magazine] is more than just a cigar [magazine]: pro-smoking arguments in Cigar Aficionado, 1992–2000" (PDF). Health Commun. 15 (4): 457–80. doi:10.1207/S15327027HC1504_05. PMID 14557079. S2CID 9333113. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2017.
  33. ^ Wenger, L. D. (1 September 2001). "Cigar magazines: using tobacco to sell a lifestyle". Tobacco Control. 10 (3): 279–284. doi:10.1136/tc.10.3.279. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 1747592. PMID 11544394.
  34. ^ a b c Delnevo CD, Hrywna M (2007). "'A whole 'nother smoke' or a cigarette in disguise: how RJ Reynolds reframed the image of little cigars". Am J Public Health. 97 (8): 1368–75. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2006.101063. PMC 1931466. PMID 17600253.
  35. ^ a b Malone RE, Bero LA (2000). "Cigars, youth, and the Internet link". Am J Public Health. 90 (5): 790–92. doi:10.2105/AJPH.90.5.790. PMC 1446234. PMID 10800432.
  36. ^ Altman, Alex (2 January 2009). "The Cigar". Time.
  37. ^ a b Slade J (1998). "Marketing and promotion of cigars" (PDF). In Shopland DR, Burns DM, Hoffman D, Cummings KM, Amacher RH (eds.). Cigars: Health Effects and Trends. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 9. National Cancer Institute. pp. 195–219. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2002. Retrieved 11 December 2008.
  38. ^ Hayward WS, White P, Fleek HS, Mac Intyre H (1922). "The chain store field". Chain Stores: Their Management and Operation. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 16–31. OCLC 255149441.
  39. ^ a b c d e f Anwer Bati, The Cigar Companion: The Connoisseur's Guide. Third Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Running Press, 1997; p. 27.
  40. ^ Richard Perelman, Perelman's Pocket Cyclopedia of Cigars. Perelman, Pioneer & Co., 2004; p. 12.
  41. ^ "Wrappers," Archived 1 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine The Cigarbox.net, retrieved 20 October 2014.
  42. ^ Perelman's Pocket Cyclopedia of Cigars 2010
  43. ^ Inc., cigar.com. "Cigar Shapes and Sizes". cigars.com. Retrieved 12 September 2018. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  44. ^ a b "Legacy eNews". Legacy for Health. January 2010. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  45. ^ Koszowski, B; Rosenberry, ZR; Kanu, A; Viray, LC; Potts, JL; Pickworth, WB (December 2015). "Nicotine and carbon monoxide exposure from inhalation of cigarillo smoke". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 139 (Pt A): 7–14. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2015.10.007. PMC 4662635. PMID 26459155.
  46. ^ Peters, EN; Schauer, GL; Rosenberry, ZR; Pickworth, WB (1 November 2016). "Does marijuana "blunt" smoking contribute to nicotine exposure?: Preliminary product testing of nicotine content in wrappers of cigars commonly used for blunt smoking". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 168: 119–22. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.09.007. PMID 27639129.
  47. ^ Delnevo, CD; Bover-Manderski, MT; Hrywna, M (June 2011). "Cigar, marijuana, and blunt use among US adolescents: Are we accurately estimating the prevalence of cigar smoking among youth?". Preventive Medicine. 52 (6): 475–76. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.03.014. PMC 3139401. PMID 21443900.
  48. ^ Connolly GN (1998). "Policies regulating cigars" (PDF). In Shopland DR, Burns DM, Hoffman D, Cummings KM, Amacher RH (eds.). Cigars: Health Effects and Trends. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 9. National Cancer Institute. pp. 221–32. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2002. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
  49. ^ Delnevo CD (2006). "Smokers' choice: what explains the steady growth of cigar use in the U.S.?" (PDF). Public Health Rep. 121 (2): 116–19. doi:10.1177/003335490612100203. PMC 1525261. PMID 16528942. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2006.
  50. ^ "Illinois Explains New Sales Tax on Little Cigars". TaxRates.com. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  51. ^ "Filtered and Little Cigars". Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  52. ^ Pickworth, WB; Rosenberry, ZR; Koszowski, B (May 2017). "Toxicant exposure from smoking a little cigar: further support for product regulation". Tobacco Control. 26 (3): 269–76. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052633. PMID 27122063. S2CID 3377770.
  53. ^ McKeil, Jessica (4 February 2023). "The 4 best cannagars in 2023". The Cannigma. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  54. ^ "Selecting a Cutter – Part One". 28 November 2016.
  55. ^ "Selecting a Cutter – Part Two". 30 November 2016.
  56. ^ Lighting Cigars Article, Cigars4Dummies, 2009.
  57. ^ Hoffmann D, Hoffmann I (1998). "Chemistry and toxicology" (PDF). In Shopland DR, Burns DM, Hoffman D, Cummings KM, Amacher RH (eds.). Cigars: Health Effects and Trends. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 9. National Cancer Institute. pp. 55–104. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2002. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
  58. ^ Bazemore R, Harrison C, Greenberg M (2006). "Identification of components responsible for the odor of cigar smoker's breath". J Agric Food Chem. 54 (2): 497–501. doi:10.1021/jf0519109. PMID 16417311.
  59. ^ Viegas CA (2008). "Noncigarette forms of tobacco use". J Bras Pneumol. 34 (12): 1069–73. doi:10.1590/S1806-37132008001200013. PMID 19180343.
  60. ^ CDCTobaccoFree (2 October 2018). "Cigars". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  61. ^ "How to store cigars, humidor care, cigar care". Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  62. ^ "How long do cigars last without a humidor?". Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  63. ^ Aaron (31 October 2013). "Tips and Tricks: Choosing and seasoning a humidor". Blind Man's Puff. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  64. ^ "Humidor Guide". Retrieved 19 May 2010.
  65. ^ "Electric Humidor Guide". 15 September 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  66. ^ a b Symm B, Morgan MV, Blackshear Y, Tinsley S (2005). "Cigar smoking: an ignored public health threat". J Prim Prev. 26 (4): 363–75. doi:10.1007/s10935-005-5389-z. PMID 15995804. S2CID 23999589.
  67. ^ a b Thun, Michael J.; Jacobs, Eric J.; Shapiro, Jean A. (February 2000). Ganz, Patricia A. (ed.). "Cigar Smoking in Men and Risk of Death From Tobacco-Related Cancers". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 92 (4). Oxford University Press: 333–337. doi:10.1093/jnci/92.4.333. eISSN 1460-2105. ISSN 0027-8874. PMID 10675383. S2CID 7772405. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  68. ^ Van Lancker, JL (December 1977). "Smoking and disease" (PDF). NIDA Research Monograph (17): 230–88. PMID 417256. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
  69. ^ David M. Burns, "Cigar Smoking: Overview and Current State of the Science," Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph, No. 9. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 1998; NIH publication no. 98-4302; p. 6.
  70. ^ "Questions and answers about cigar smoking and cancer". National Cancer Institute. 7 March 2000. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
  71. ^ Burns, "Cigar Smoking: Overview and Current State of the Science," p. 8.
  72. ^ Shanks TG, Burns DM (1998). "Disease consequences of cigar smoking" (PDF). In Shopland DR, Burns DM, Hoffman D, Cummings KM, Amacher RH (eds.). Cigars: Health Effects and Trends. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 9. National Cancer Institute. pp. 105–60. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
  73. ^ a b c Burns DM (1998). "Cigar smoking: overview and current state of the science" (PDF). In Shopland DR, Burns DM, Hoffman D, Cummings KM, Amacher RH (eds.). Cigars: Health Effects and Trends. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 9. National Cancer Institute. pp. 8, 1–20. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  74. ^ a b Rodu, B.; Plurphanswat, N. (January 2021). "Mortality among male cigar and cigarette smokers in the USA" (PDF). Harm Reduction Journal. 18 (7). BioMed Central: 7. doi:10.1186/s12954-020-00446-4. ISSN 1477-7517. LCCN 2004243422. PMC 7789747. PMID 33413424. S2CID 230800394. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  75. ^ a b Nonnemaker, James; Rostron, Brian L.; Hall, Patricia; MacMonegle, Anna; Apelberg, Benjamin J. (September 2014). Morabia, Alfredo (ed.). "Mortality and Economic Costs From Regular Cigar Use in the United States, 2010". American Journal of Public Health. 104 (9). American Public Health Association: e86–e91. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301991. eISSN 1541-0048. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 4151956. PMID 25033140. S2CID 207276270.
  76. ^ Dollar KM, Mix JM, Kozlowski LT (2008). "Little cigars, big cigars: omissions and commissions of harm and harm reduction information on the Internet". Nicotine Tob Res. 10 (5): 819–26. doi:10.1080/14622200802027214. PMID 18569755.
  77. ^ Albandar, Jasim M.; Adensaya, Margo R.; Streckfus, Charles F.; Winn, Deborah M. (December 2000). "Cigar, Pipe, and Cigarette Smoking as Risk Factors for Periodontal Disease and Tooth Loss". Journal of Periodontology. 71 (12). American Academy of Periodontology: 1874–1881. doi:10.1902/jop.2000.71.12.1874. ISSN 0022-3492. PMID 11156044. S2CID 11598500.
  78. ^ Wang, Teresa W. (2016). "Consumption of Combustible and Smokeless Tobacco – United States, 2000–2015". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 65 (48): 1357–63. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6548a1. ISSN 0149-2195. PMC 5584068. PMID 27932780.
  79. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (3 August 2012). "Consumption of cigarettes and combustible tobacco – United States, 2000–2011" (PDF). MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 61 (30): 565–69. ISSN 1545-861X. PMID 22854624. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
  80. ^ Phillips, Elyse; Wang, Teresa W.; Husten, Corinne G.; Corey, Catherine G.; Apelberg, Benjamin J.; Jamal, Ahmed; Homa, David M.; King, Brian A. (10 November 2017). "Tobacco Product Use Among Adults – United States, 2015". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 66 (44): 1209–15. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6644a2. ISSN 1545-861X. PMC 5679591. PMID 29121001.
  81. ^ "What is the tradition of cigars when a baby is born". 4 August 2015.
  82. ^ Wenger L, Malone R, Bero L (2001). "The cigar revival and the popular press: a content analysis, 1987–1997". Am J Public Health. 91 (2): 288–91. doi:10.2105/AJPH.91.2.288. PMC 1446522. PMID 11211641.
  83. ^ "Why Do We Say, 'Close, But No Cigar'?". HowStuffWorks. 13 July 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2023.

Further reading