Varieties of the color blue may differ in hue, chroma (also called saturation, intensity, or colorfulness), or lightness (or value, tone, or brightness), or in two or three of these qualities. Variations in value are also called tints and shades, a tint being a blue or other hue mixed with white, a shade being mixed with black. A large selection of these colors is shown below.
Definitions of blue
Blue (RGB) (X11 blue)
The color defined as blue in the RGB color model, X11 blue, is the brightest possible blue that can be reproduced on a computer screen, and is the color named blue in X11. It is one of the three primary colors used in the RGB color space, along with red and green. The three additive primaries in the RGB color system are the three colors of light chosen such as to provide the maximum gamut of colors that are capable of being represented on a computer or television set.
This color is also called color wheel blue. It is at 240 degrees on the HSV color wheel, also known as the RGB color wheel. It is a spectral color which lies at, or near, the short-wave (violet) end of the traditional "blue" and possibly was classified as "indigo" by Newton.[3] Its complementary color is yellow.
Blue (CMYK) (pigment blue)
The color defined as blue in the CMYK color system used in printing, also known as pigment blue, is the tone of blue that is achieved by mixing process (printer's) cyan and process (printer's) magenta in equal proportions.
The purpose of the CMYK color system is to provide the maximum possible gamut of color reproducible in printing by the use of only three primaries.
The color indicated is only approximate as the colors of printing inks may vary.
Blue (Pantone)
Blue (Pantone) is the color that is called blue in Pantone.
The source of this color is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color # Blue C, EC, HC, M, PC, U, or UP—Blue.[5]
Blue (NCS) (psychological primary blue)
The color defined as blue in the NCS or Natural Color System is an azure-like color. The Natural Color System is a color system based on the four unique hues or psychological primary colors red, yellow, green, and blue. The NCS is based on the opponent process theory of vision.
The "Natural Color System" is widely used in Scandinavia.
NCS Blue can only be displayed approximately on a computer screen, as these spectral colors have been adjusted to fit into the sRGB gamut. In the 21st century, this hue is classified as an variation of azure that is on the border of cyan.
Blue (Munsell)
The Munsell color system is a color space that specifies colors based on three color dimensions: hue, value (lightness), and chroma (color purity), spaced uniformly (according to the logarithmic scale which governs human perception) in three dimensions in the Munsell color solid, which is shaped like an elongated oval at an angle. In order for all the colors to be spaced uniformly, it was found necessary to use a color wheel with five primary colors: red, yellow, green, blue, and purple.
Munsell can only be displayed approximately on a computer screen, as these spectral colors have been adjusted to fit into the sRGB gamut. In the 21st century, its blue is classified as an intermediate between azure and cyan.
Blue (Crayola)
Blue (Crayola) is the color called blue in Crayola crayons.
"Blue" was one of the original Crayola crayons formulated in 1903.
Crayola can only be displayed approximately on a computer screen. In the 21st century, this hue is classified as a variation of azure that is on the border of blue.
Tints, shades, and variations of blue
The term tint and shade is used in its technical sense as used in color theory.
In this section, the term 'tint' usually refers to a blueish color mixed with white or light gray. The term shade is used in its technical sense as used in color theory, meaning a blueish color mixed with black or dark gray.
The colors arranged in order of their value (brightness) (V in the HSV code), the brighter colors toward the top and the darker colors toward the bottom.
Periwinkle
Periwinkle (also periwinkle blue or lavender blue) is a mixture of white, blue, and red. It is named after the Periwinkle flower and is also commonly referred to as a tone of light blue.
Ultramarine
Ultramarine is a blue pigment in use since medieval times. It was originally derived from lapis lazuli, a bright blue mineral.
Medium blue
The web color medium blue is a shade of the standard (h = 240°) blue.
Savoy blue
Savoy blue, or savoy azure, is a shade of saturation blue between peacock blue and periwinkle, lighter than peacock blue.[9] It owes its name to its being the color of the House of Savoy, a ruling dynasty in Italy from 1861 to 1946.
Having become a national color with the unification of Italy (1861), its use continued even after the birth of the Italian Republic (1946) with the name "Italian blue". An Italian-blue border was inserted on the edge of the Presidential Standard of Italy and the use of the blue scarf for the Italian Armed Forces' officers, for the presidents of the Italian provinces during the official ceremonies and of the blue jersey for Italian national sports teams it was also maintained in the Republican era.
Liberty
Liberty is a strong blue color.
The first recorded use of liberty as a color name in English was in 1918.[11]
Egyptian blue
Egyptian blue is a pigment that was used in Ancient Egypt.
Neon blue
Neon blue is a vivid purplish blue.
Dark blue
Dark blue is a shade of the standard (h = 240°) blue.
Picotee blue
Picotee blue represents the color of the picotee flower. It is a deep shade of indigo, almost resembling St. Patrick's blue.
Bluebonnet
Bluebonnet is a bright shade of blue with a slight violet tinge. It represents the color of bluebonnet flowers, which are part of the lupin family. The bluebonnet is the state flower of Texas.
Navy blue is a shade of the standard (h = 240°) blue. Navy blue got its name from the dark blue (contrasted with white) worn by sailors in the Royal Navy since 1748 (originally called marine blue before 1840) and subsequently adopted by other navies around the world.
The first recorded use of navy blue as a color name in English was in 1840.[12]
Midnight blue
Midnight blue is an X11 web color. This color was originally called midnight. The first recorded use of midnight as a color name in English was in 1915.[13]
Independence
Independence is a dark blue color.
The first recorded use of independence as a color name in English was in 1927.[14]
Space cadet
Space cadet is one of the colors on the Resene Color List,[15] a color list popular in Australia and New Zealand. The color "space cadet" was formulated in 2007.
Twin bed
Twin Bed is so named since its HEX color code spells out "BED" twice. The color is also recognized for bearing close semblance to the light pastel shade of cyan common on bed sheets.
International Klein Blue
International Klein Blue (IKB) is a deep blue hue first mixed by the French artist Yves Klein. IKB's visual impact comes from its heavy reliance on ultramarine, as well as Klein's often thick and textured application of paint to canvas. There is a legend that Klein patented the color, but in reality he simply submitted a Soleau envelope and never progressed to the patent stage.
Blurple (2015–2021)
Original Blurple is a brilliant purplish blue hue. It is the older version of Blurple, described below. It was used in the old Discord logo. Before 13 May 2021, it was simply called Blurple.[18]
Blurple (2021–present)
Blurple is a vivid purplish blue hue. It is used in the new Discord logo.[18]
Cool black
Cool black is a dark shade of blue. It is one of Pantone colors.[20]
Process blue
Process blue is a Pantone-defined shade[21] used by the football team the Carolina Panthers and is sometimes consequently called "Carolina blue" or "Panther blue".[22]
Ambiguous variations of blue
In this section, shades fall outside the tertiary color range for blue, and many can be considered variations of cyan and azure, rather than blue.
Baby blue
Baby blue is known as one of the pastel colors.
The first recorded use of baby blue as a color name in English was in 1892.[23](p 190)
Light blue
The web color light blue is part of the X11 color system, with a hue code of 194. Variations of this color are known as sky blue, baby blue, or angel blue.
The first recorded use of "light blue" as a color term in English is in 1915.[25]
Powder blue
Powder blue is a light bluish green.
The first recorded use of powder blue as a color name in English was in 1774.[26] It is a web color.
Uranian blue
Uranian blue is a light greenish blue, the color of Uranus, which was named after Uranus, the primordial god of the sky and the heavens in Greek mythology.
Argentinian blue
The web color Argentinian blue is a light azure color seen on the national flag of Argentina.
Ruddy blue
Ruddy blue represents the coloring of the beak of the ruddy duck.
Celtic blue
Celtic blue is a shade of blue, also known as glas celtig in Welsh, or gorm ceilteach in both the Irish language and in Scottish Gaelic. Julius Caesar reported (in Commentarii de Bello Gallico) that the Britanni used to colour their bodies blue with vitrum, a word that means primarily "glass", but also the domestic name for the "woad" (Isatis tinctoria), besides the Gaulish loanword glastum (from Proto-Celtic *glastos "green"). The connection seems to be that both glass and the woad are "water-like" (lat. vitrum is from Proto-Indo-European *wed-ro- "water-like").
Spanish blue
Spanish blue is the color that is called Azul (the Spanish word for "blue") in the Guía de coloraciones (Guide to colorations) by Rosa Gallego and Juan Carlos Sanz, a color dictionary published in 2005 that is widely popular in the Hispanophone realm.
Bleu de France
Bleu de France is a vivid blue color that has been associated in heraldry with the Kings of France since the 12th century.
Delft blue
Delft blue is a dark blue color.
The name is derived from the Dutch pottery Delftware, also known simply as "Delft Blue".
Duck blue
Duck blue is a moderate greenish blue.
Resolution blue
Resolution blue is a vivid blue color.
This color name first came into use in 2001 when it was formulated as one of the colors on the Xona.com Color List.
Polynesian blue
Polynesian blue is a dark blue color, almost navy.
Moroccan Blue
Moroccan blue (also Chefchaouen blue) is a vivid blue color.
Sapphire
Sapphire is a deep shade of navy blue, based on the color of an average sapphire gemstone. However, sapphire gems can also be pink, yellow, or orange.
Fluorescent blue
Fluorescent blue is a shade of blue that is radiant based on fluorescence. This is the main color on the Indian 50-rupee note.
Teal blue
Teal blue is a medium tone of teal with more blue.
The first recorded use of teal blue as a color name in English was in 1927.[28]
Shades of azure
Azure (/ˈæʒər, ˈeɪʒər/ AZH-ər, AY-zhər, UK also /ˈæzjʊər, ˈeɪzjʊər/ AZ-ure, AY-zure)[30][31][32] is a variation of blue that is often described as the color of the sky on a clear day.
On the RGB color wheel, "azure" (hexadecimal #0080FF) is defined as the color at 210 degrees, i.e., the hue halfway between blue and cyan. In the RGB color model, used to create all the colors on a television or computer screen, azure is created by adding a little green light to blue light. The complementary color of azure is orange.
Azure (web color)
In the X11 color system which became a standard for early web colors, azure is depicted as a pale cyan or whitish cyan rather than a shade of azure.
In an artistic context, this color could also be called azure mist or cyan mist.
Variations of azure
In this section, the term shade is used in its technical sense as used in color theory, meaning a blueish color mixed with black or dark gray. The colors arranged in order of their value (brightness) (V in the HSV code), the brighter colors toward the top and the darker colors toward the bottom.
Alice blue
The web color Alice blue is a pale tint of azure.
Uranian blue
Uranian blue is a light greenish blue, the color of Uranus.
Light blue
The web color light blue is part of the X11 color system, with a hue code of 194. This color is closer to cyan than to blue. Variations of this color are known as sky blue, baby blue, or angel blue.
The first recorded use of "light blue" as a color term in English is in the year 1915.[34]
Columbia blue
Columbia blue is a medium light tone of azure named after Columbia University. The typical Columbia blue is defined by Pantone Columbia Blue (PANTONE 290).[35]
Cloudy blue
Cloudy blue is a light, opaque tone of azure.
Baby blue
Baby blue is known as one of the pastel colors. With a hue code of 199, this color is a tone of azure.
This color is associated with baby boys in Western culture.
The first recorded use of baby blue as a color name in English was in 1892.[38]
Light sky blue
There is a web color of light sky blue.
Sky blue
The first recorded use of sky blue as a color name in English was in 1728 in the Cyclopædia of Ephraim Chambers.[39] Prior to the Chambers reference, the color had first been used in 1585 in a book by Nicolas de Nicolay where he stated "the tulbant[clarification needed] of the merchant must be skie coloured".[40][41]
Deep sky blue
Deep sky blue is an azure-cyan color associated with deep sky blue.
Deep sky blue (Capri) is a web color.
This color is on the color wheel (RGB/HSV color wheel) halfway between azure and cyan.
The traditional name for this color is Capri.[42]
The first use of Capri as a color name in English was in 1920.[43]
The color Capri in general is named for the azure-cyan color of the Mediterranean Sea around the island of Capri off Italy, the site of several villas belonging to the Roman Emperor Tiberius, including his imperial residence in his later years, the Villa Jovis. Specifically, the color Capri is named after the color of the Blue Grotto on the island of Capri[44] as it appears on a bright sunny day. Today the island of Capri is a resort island popular with tourists.
The name deep sky blue for this color did not come into use until the promulgation of the X11 color list in 1987.
The name Capri is still used for this color as well as the name deep sky blue.
Cerulean
The first recorded use of cerulean as a color name in English was in 1590.[45]
The word is probably derived from the Latin word caeruleus, "dark blue, blue, or blue-green", which in turn probably derives from caelulum, diminutive of caelum, "heaven, sky".[46]
Pale azure
Green-blue
Green-blue was a Crayola color from 1958 to 1990.
Maya blue
Maya blue was a pigment widely used by the Mayan civilization.
Jordy blue
The color name jordy blue dates back to at least 2001, and came into wider use when the Resene Paints colors were used as one of the sources for the Xona Games Color List.[citation needed]
Picton blue
The color name Picton blue dates back to at least 2001, and came into wider use when the Resene Paints colors were used as one of the sources for the Xona Games Color List.[47] Many of Resene's shades of blue and cyan are named after places in New Zealand's Marlborough Sounds, where the town of Picton is located.
United Nations blue
The color United Nations blue resembles the shade of blue seen on the flag of the United Nations. Current branding guidelines (since 2020[48]) use Pantone 2925. Previously, the flag used Pantone 279.[49]
Cornflower blue
Cornflower blue is a shade of medium-to-light blue containing relatively little green. Its name is a reference to the flower Centaurea cyanus.
Bleu de France
Bleu de France is a color that has been associated in heraldry with the Kings of France since the 12th century.
Dodger blue
Dodger blue is a rich bright tone of azure named for its use in the uniform of the Los Angeles Dodgers.
Brandeis blue
Brandeis blue is the tone of azure used in association with Brandeis University.
The university administration defines Brandeis blue as corresponding to the Pantone color of 294 or the process color of 100c 86m 14y w24k.[50]
True blue
The color true blue is a deep tone of azure that is the color of the uniforms of the sports teams of UCLA. It is also one of the shades of blue used by the Los Angeles Chargers though they use the name powder blue.
Tang blue
The color tang blue is a deep tone of azure that is the color of royal blue tang fish.
Puerto Rican medium blue
Puerto Rican medium blue is a bright, cool, saturated shade of blue matching the shade of color of the triangle on Puerto Rico's current national flag.
Royal blue (web color)
The web color royal blue is a rich tone of azure.
Celestial blue
The first recorded use of celestial blue as a color name in English was in 1535.[51]
The source of this color is the Plochere Color System, a color system formulated in 1948 that is widely used by interior designers.[52]
Vista blue
The source of vista blue is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #15-3930 TPX—Vista Blue.[54]
Silver Lake blue
The source of Silver Lake blue is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #17-4030 TPX—Silver Lake Blue.[56]
Tufts blue
Tufts blue is the tone of azure used in association with Tufts University.
Honolulu blue
Honolulu blue is the tone of azure used in association with the Detroit Lions football team.[58][59]
Air Force blue
Air force blue, also known as RAF blue, is used by the Royal Air Force, the first air force to choose an "air force blue" color by which to identify itself, in 1920.
The color "air force blue" is a medium tone of azure since it has a hue code of 204 which is a hue code between 195 and 225, signifying a tone of azure.
Steel blue
Steel blue is a grayish tone of azure that resembles the color blue steel, i.e., steel which has been subjected to bluing in order to protect it from rust.
The first recorded use of steel blue as a color name in English was in 1817.[61]
French blue
French blue[62] is a deep azure color commonly[citation needed] used in quality men's dress shirts.
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first use of French Blue in English was in The Times of 1802.[63]
Lapis lazuli
The color lapis lazuli is displayed at left.
Lapis Lazuli is a color that is a representation of the most common color of lapis lazuli.
Royal blue (traditional)
The traditional color called royal blue is a dark shade of azure.
Blue (NCS) (psychological primary blue)
The color defined as blue in the NCS or Natural Color System is an azure-like color. The Natural Color System is a color system based on the four unique hues or psychological primary colors red, yellow, green, and blue. The NCS is based on the opponent process theory of vision.
The "Natural Color System" is widely used in Scandinavia.
Blue (Munsell)
The Munsell color system is a color space that specifies colors based on three color dimensions: hue, value (lightness), and chroma (color purity), spaced uniformly (according to the logarithmic scale which governs human perception) in three dimensions in the Munsell color solid, which is shaped like an elongated oval at an angle. In order for all the colors to be spaced uniformly, it was found necessary to use a color wheel with five primary colors: red, yellow, green, blue, and purple.
Munsell can only be displayed approximately on a computer screen, as these spectral colors have been adjusted to fit into the sRGB gamut. In the 21st century, its shade of blue is classified as an intermediate between azure and cyan.
Spanish blue
Spanish blue is the color that is called Azul (the Spanish word for "blue") in the Guía de coloraciones (Guide to colorations) by Rosa Gallego and Juan Carlos Sanz, a color dictionary published in 2005 that is widely popular in the Hispanophone realm. It is a shade of azure. [citation needed]
Argentinian blue
The web color Argentinian blue is a light azure color seen on the national flag of Argentina.
Berkeley blue
Berkeley Blue is one of the official colors of the University of California, Berkeley, along with California Gold.[66] Until 2007, the university had used Yale Blue in its place, given Berkeley's historical ties to Yale University, particularly in its founding.[67] Berkeley's school colors are the originators for those of all the campuses in the University of California system, of which Berkeley is the oldest as its flagship.
Blue (Crayola)
Blue (Crayola) is the color called blue in Crayola crayons.
"Blue" was one of the original Crayola crayons formulated in 1903.
Ruddy blue
Ruddy blue represents the coloring of the beak of the ruddy duck. It is a light shade of azure.
Celtic blue
Celtic blue is a shade of blue, also known as glas celtig in Welsh, or gorm ceilteach in both the Irish language and in Scottish Gaelic. Julius Caesar reported (in Commentarii de Bello Gallico) that the Britanni used to colour their bodies blue with vitrum, a word that means primarily "glass", but also the domestic name for the "woad" (Isatis tinctoria), besides the Gaulish loanword glastum (from Proto-Celtic *glastos "green"). The connection seems to be that both glass and the woad are "water-like" (lat. vitrum is from Proto-Indo-European *wed-ro- "water-like").
Polynesian blue
Polynesian blue is a dark blue color, almost navy.
Moroccan Blue
Moroccan blue (also Chefchaouen blue) is a vivid blue color.
Yale Blue
Yale Blue is the dark azure color used in association with Yale University. The hue of Yale Blue is one of the two official colors of Indiana State University,[68] the University of Mississippi,[69] and Southern Methodist University.[70] The official color "DCU Blue" of Dublin City University is very close to Yale Blue.[71]
Yale Blue was also an official color of University of California, Berkeley[67] and Duke University.[72]
Penn blue
Penn Blue is one of the official colors of the University of Pennsylvania, along with Penn Red. While the school colors were defined by 1910,[73] university history points to earlier times when the colors may have been chosen, including a possible visit by George Washington to the University, where students used the color of his tunic to determine school colors or a track meet where Penn athletes declared that they would wear the colors "of the teams we beat," which would be those of both Harvard University and Yale University.[74] Originally defined as the colors used on the American flag, the colors have since deviated.[73]
Sapphire
Sapphire is a deep shade of navy blue, based on the color of an average sapphire gemstone. However, sapphires can also be pink, yellow, or orange.
Delft blue
Delft blue is a dark blue color. The name is derived from the Dutch pottery Delftware, also known simply as "Delft Blue".
Resolution blue
Resolution blue is a vivid blue color. The color name dates back to at least 2001, and came into wider use when the Resene Paints colors were used as one of the sources for the Xona Games Color List.[75] Many of Resene's shades of blue and cyan are named after places in New Zealand's Marlborough Sounds, where Resolution Bay is located.
See also
References
- ^ "X11 rgb.txt". Archived from the original on 2015-11-07. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
- ^ a b c "W3C TR CSS3 Color Module, HTML4 color keywords". W3C. May 2003. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
- ^ Waldman, Gary (2002). Introduction to light : the physics of light, vision, and color (Dover ed.). Mineola: Dover Publications. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-486-42118-6.
- ^ Type the word "Blue" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear. There are seven versions, all with the same color codes—C, EC, HC, M, PC, U, and UP.
- ^ Pantone TPX Pantone Color Finder—Type the word "Blue" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear. There are seven versions, all with the same color codes—C, EC, HC, M, PC, U, and UP.:
- ^ The sRGB values are taken by converting the NCS color 2060-B using the “NCS Navigator” tool at the NCS website.
- ^ Doucette, Matthew. "Xona Games - Color List". Xona Games. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
- ^ "Ultramarine / #120a8f hex color". ColorHexa. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
- ^ Grossmann, Maria (1988). Colori e lessico: studi sulla struttura semantica degli aggettivi di colore in catalano, castigliano, italiano, romeno, latino ed ungherese (in Italian). Gunter Narr Verlag. ISBN 3-87808-370-X.
- ^ Color sample #196 on the ISCC-NBS color list is the color sample that matches the color in the book by Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill—Color Sample of Liberty: Page 109 Plate 43 Color Sample C12
- ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 197; Color Sample of Liberty: Page 109 Plate 43 Color Sample C12
- ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 103; Color Sample of Navy blue: Page 131 Plate 40 Color Sample E11
- ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York: 1930 McGraw-Hill Page 199; Color Sample of Midnight: Page 103 Plate 40 Color Sample A8
- ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 196; color sample of Independence: Page 117 Plate 47 Color Sample H12
- ^ "- Hex , RGB | Swatch | Resene Paints".
- ^ "Ultramarine / #120a8f hex color".
- ^ "#7289DA hex color".
- ^ a b Nelly (13 May 2021). "Happy Blurpthday to Discord, a Place for Everything You Can Imagine". Discord Blog. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
- ^ "#5865f2 hex color".
- ^ "PANTONE 295 C". Pantone. Retrieved 2021-12-04.
- ^ "PANTONE Process Blue C". Pantone. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
- ^ Shook, Nick (2023-04-06). "Panthers to make color correction, but not changing uniforms". NFL. Retrieved 2023-06-23.
- ^ a b c Maerz & Paul (1930). A Dictionary of Color. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p. 63, plate 35, sample E2; p 190.
- ^ The color displayed in this color box matches the color called baby blue is displayed on page 93, plate 35, as color sample E2 in Maerz & Paul (1930).[23]
- ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 190
- ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 202. See color sample of powder blue, Page 95—Plate 36 Color Sample H2
- ^ Gallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2005). Guía de coloraciones (Gallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2005). Guide to Colorations) Madrid: H. Blume. ISBN 84-89840-31-8
- ^ Maerz, Aloys John and M. Rea Paul (1930) A Dictionary of Color, New York, McGraw-Hill, p. 205; color sample of Teal Blue: p. 101 Plate 39 Color Sample L6
- ^ On colour plate 33 (page 89) of the 1930 book A Dictionary of Color by Maerz and Paul, the colours on the right side of colour plate 33 from top to bottom represent the most highly saturated colours on the color wheel from cyan to azure, and the colours on the bottom of colour plate 33 from right to left represent the most highly saturated colours on the colour wheel from azure to blue. The colour sample that represents azure is colour sample L12 on Plate 33 on Page 89. See reference to Azure on Page 190 in the index. See also discussion of the color azure, Page 149.
- ^ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
- ^ Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.
- ^ "azure". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020.
- ^ "W3C TR CSS3 Color Module, SVG color keywords". W3C. May 2003. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
- ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 190
- ^ a b "Colors | Identity Guidelines". Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
- ^ "Pantone / PMS 14-4123 TCX / Clear Sky / #9bbcd8 Hex Color Code".
- ^ The color displayed in this color box matches the color called baby blue in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill; the color baby blue is displayed on page 93, Plate 35, Color Sample E2.
- ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 190; Color Sample of Baby Blue: Page 93 Plate 35 Color Sample E2
- ^ "sky-blue, n. and adj". Oxford English Dictionary. OUP. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
- ^ "sky-coloured | sky-colored, adj". Oxford English Dictionary. OUP. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
- ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 204; Color Sample of Sky Blue: Page 89 Plate 33 Color Sample E6
- ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Color Sample of Capri: Page 93 Plate 35 Color Sample L7; The color Capri is shown as lying halfway between Cyan and Azure.
- ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 191
- ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 152 Discussion of the color Capri
- ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 190; Color Sample of Cerulean: Page 89 Plate 33 Color Sample E6
- ^ "cerulean | Search Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 2017-10-26.
- ^ Doucette, Matthew. "Color List". Xona Games, Inc. Retrieved 2014-02-11.
- ^ "ST/SGB/2020/4". undocs.org. United Nations. Archived from the original on 2021-10-17. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
- ^ "UN Emblem and Flag". UN Emblem and Flag. United Nations. Archived from the original on 2006-09-28. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
- ^ "Brandeis University Identity Manual" (PDF). brandeis.edu. 2013. p. 6. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
- ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 192; Color Sample of Celestial blue: Page 93 Plate 35 Color Sample D3
- ^ Plochere Color System: Archived 21 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Type the words "Vista Blue" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear.
- ^ Pantone TPX Pantone Color Finder—Type the words "Vista Blue" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear:
- ^ Type the words "Silver Lake Blue" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear.
- ^ Pantone TPX Pantone Color Finder—Type the words "Silver Lake Blue" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear:
- ^ Detroit Lions 2023 Media Guide
- ^ Dow, Bill (April 22, 2009). "The Evolution of the Detroit Lions' Uniforms". Vintage Detroit. Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
- ^ NFL Throwback (August 20, 2020). "How EVERY Team Got Their Colors!". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
- ^ History of the RAF, Chapter 7 – Cultural & Organizational Heritage, p. 370
- ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 205
- ^ "Color Sample of French Blue on ISCC-NBS color chart (color sample #178)". Archived from the original on 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
- ^ "French, adj. and n.". Oxford English Dictionary. OUP. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
- ^ The sRGB values are taken by converting the NCS color 2060-B using the “NCS Navigator” tool at the NCS website.
- ^ Gallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2005). Guía de coloraciones (Gallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2005). Guide to Colorations) Madrid: H. Blume. ISBN 84-89840-31-8
- ^ Colors | UC Berkeley Brand Identity. brand.berkeley.edu. Retrieved on April 6, 2014.
- ^ a b "History, Symbols, and Traditions: What are Cal's official colors?". University of California, Berkeley. May 8, 2007. Archived from the original on May 13, 2003. Retrieved December 3, 2007.
- ^ "About - Indiana State University". Archived from the original on 2011-09-24. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
- ^ "Ole Miss Traditions: Red & Blue". University of Mississippi. October 1, 2002. Archived from the original on October 9, 2011. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
- ^ "SMU SPIRIT AND TRADITIONS". Southern Methodist University. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
- ^ "Public Affairs and Media Relations Office - corporate identity - DCU identity - DCU". Archived from the original on 2003-09-25. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
- ^ "The origin of Duke Blue". Duke University Libraries. Archived from the original on March 19, 2008. Retrieved December 3, 2007.
- ^ a b "History of Penn Colors". University Archives and Records Center.
- ^ "History and Traditions". University of Pennsylvania Athletics. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
- ^ Doucette, Matthew. "Color List". Xona Games, Inc. Retrieved 2014-02-11.
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