Fort Towson

Johnston and Palmyra are two atolls in the Pacific Ocean. Johnston was claimed for the US in 1858 and Palmyra in 1859 under the Guano Islands Act. Following the 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese navy forces attacked Allied possessions across the Pacific, including Johnston and Palmyra.

Background

Both islands had been obtained through the Guano Islands Act of 1856, although Palmyra was void of guano. The lack of guano caused Palmyra to pass through the ownership of many different groups throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Johnston and Palmyra were placed under US Navy control in 1934 by President Franklin Roosevelt. Both islands were garrisoned and Johnston served as a refueling station for passing US Navy ships. Although an airfield was under construction on Johnston, the only aircraft present on the island were Navy PBY patrol planes, usually anchored offshore.

Johnston became noticeable to the Japanese command because of its location. Although it was too close to Hawaii to be amphibiously assaulted, it was near the major Japanese air base in the Marshall Islands. The executive officer of the 1st Marine Defense Battalion, Major Francis B. Loomis Jr., had arrived on Johnston on December 7, 1941. He had been returning by air from an inspection of the American outposts in the Pacific when Pearl Harbor had been attacked. He then took control of the island's garrison.

Following news of the Attack on Pearl Harbor, the civilian contractors already present on Johnston began building more emplacements for the Marines' guns and positions. Six US Navy ships were also on Johnston, practicing their use of the Higgins Boat on Johnston's shore. For the next few days, there was very little activity around both islands.

The attacks

The first attack on the islands came on December 12, 1941. A Japanese submarine, 8,000 yards offshore, broke the surface and fired star shell clusters over Johnston.^[1] The US Marine crews of 5-inch coastal guns tried to find the submarine with star shells, after which the submarine withdrew.^[1]

On the night of December 15, a US Navy supply ship, William Ward Burrows, arrived at dusk to drop off supplies for Marines stranded on Wake, and to retrieve civilian contractors and return to Pearl Harbor. Crew members of Burrows and Marines on Johnston spotted a flash at sea. The first bracket of shells landed on Johnston, and at least one hit the powerhouse, causing a fire that engulfed the building.^[1] The Marines returned fire for ten minutes until the submarine ceased firing.^[1]

There was a similar attack on the night of December 21.^[1] A final attack came on the 22nd, when a Japanese submarine fired a star shell cluster and six shells at Johnston, knocking down a homing tower and wounding a Marine.^[1] Fire from Marine-crewed coastal batteries forced the submarine to submerge.

Palmyra (located 900 miles southeast of Johnston), was attacked once, on December 24, 1941.^[1] A Japanese submarine fired on Palmyra and a US Navy dredge, Sacramento, which sat in the atoll's lagoon.^[1] The shells did minor damage to the Sacramento before the submarine was driven back by 5-inch gunfire.^[1]

Aftermath

Following the Japanese naval attacks on Johnston and Palmyra, both were heavily reinforced. Johnston was given more heavy guns, machine guns, and an infantry company. Similar precautions were taken with Palmyra. Although they were isolated, the Marine, Navy, and civilian garrisons became the front line of Pearl Harbor's defense while it recuperated. Both islands continued to be garrisoned by Marines throughout the war.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Jones, Terry (2013). A Parting Shot - Shelling of Australia by Japanese Submarines 1942. Narrabeen, Australia: Casper Publications. p. 317. ISBN 9780977506347.

Books

Hammel, Eric (2005). Pacific Warriors: The US Marines in World War II: A Pictorial Tribute. Minneapolis, MN: Zenith Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2097-6.

News articles and websites

Lt. Col. Frank O. Hough, Maj. Verle E. Ludwig, Henry I. Shaw (March 15, 2011). "History of US Marine Corps Operations in World War II: Japan Strikes (The Southern Outposts)". Hough*Ludwig*Shaw. Archived from the original on December 25, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
US Fish and Wildlife Service. "Johnston Atoll National Wildlife Refuge". Archived from the original on December 6, 2013.

[Jones-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Jones, Terry (2013). A Parting Shot - Shelling of Australia by Japanese Submarines 1942. Narrabeen, Australia: Casper Publications. p. 317. ISBN 9780977506347.

[1]

Imperial Japanese surprise attacks and battles of December 1941
Topics	Attack on Pearl Harbor Battle of Hong Kong Battle of Guam (1941) Battle of Wake Island First Bombardment of Midway Shelling of Johnston and Palmyra Invasion of Gilbert Islands Bombing of Rangoon (Burma) Japanese invasion of Thailand (Battle of Prachuap Khiri Khan) Invasion of Borneo
Philippines	Attack on Clark and Iba Fields Japanese invasion of Aparri Japanese invasion of Batan Island Japanese invasion of Davao Japanese invasion of Lamon Bay Japanese invasion of Legazpi Japanese invasion of Lingayen Gulf Japanese invasion of Vigan
Malaya	Battle of Gurun Battle of Jitra Battle of Kampar Battle of Kota Bharu Battle of Kuala Lumpur Bombing of Singapore (1941) Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse
Related	Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire Day of Infamy speech Philippines campaign (1941–1942) Malayan campaign Battle of Changsha (1941–1942) Dutch East Indies campaign List of shipwrecks in December 1941 USS Wake capture HMS Peterel sunk Invasion of Shanghai International Settlement