Battle of Backbone Mountain

1876 (MDCCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1876th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 876th year of the 2nd millennium, the 76th year of the 19th century, and the 7th year of the 1870s decade. As of the start of 1876, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

January–March

January 1
- The Reichsbank opens in Berlin.
- The Bass Brewery Red Triangle becomes the world's first registered trademark symbol.^[1]
January 27 – The Northampton Bank robbery occurs.^[2]

February 2
- The National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs is formed at a meeting in Chicago; it replaces the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players. Morgan Bulkeley of the Hartford Dark Blues is selected as the league's first president.
- Third Carlist War (Spain): Battle of Montejurra – The new commander General Fernando Primo de Rivera marches on the remaining Carlist stronghold at Estella, where he meets a force of about 1,600 men under General Carlos Calderón, at nearby Montejurra. After a courageous and costly defence, Calderón is forced to withdraw.
February 14 – Alexander Graham Bell applies for a patent for the telephone, as does Elisha Gray.
February 19 – Third Carlist War: Government troops under General Primo de Rivera drive through the weak Carlist forces protecting Estella and take the city by storm.
February 22 – Johns Hopkins University is founded in Baltimore, Maryland.
February 24 – The first stage production of the verse-play Peer Gynt by Henrik Ibsen premieres, with incidental music by Edvard Grieg, in Christiania (modern-day Oslo), Norway.
February 26 – The Japanese force the Korean government to sign the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 (having brought a fleet to Incheon, the port of modern-day Seoul), opening three ports to Japanese trade and forcing Korea's Joseon dynasty to cease considering itself a tributary of China. On China's urging, Korea also signs treaties with the European powers, in an effort to counterbalance Japan.
February 28 – Third Carlist War: The Carlist forces do not succeed, and the promises are never fulfilled. The Carlist pretender Carlos, Duke of Madrid, goes into exile in France, bringing the conflict to an end after four years.
February–March – The Harvard Lampoon humor magazine is founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Spring – Thousands of Plains Indians in the United States travel to an encampment of the Sioux chief Sitting Bull in the region of the Little Bighorn River, creating the last great gathering of native peoples on the Great Plains.^[3]
March – American librarian Melvil Dewey first publishes the Dewey Decimal Classification system.^[4]
March 2 – United States Secretary of War William W. Belknap resigns his office in the wake of the trader post scandal.
March 7 – Alexander Graham Bell is granted a United States patent for the telephone.^[5]
March 10 – Alexander Graham Bell makes the first successful telephone call, saying "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you".
March 20 – Through constitutional reform taking legal effect, Louis De Geer becomes the first Prime Minister of Sweden.

April–June

April 1 – Lars Magnus Ericsson starts a small mechanical workshop in Stockholm, Sweden (from April 27 partnering with Carl Johan Andersson), dealing with telegraphy equipment, which grows into the worldwide company Ericsson.
April 12 – The Indian Act comes into force in Canada.
April 16 – The April Uprising in Bulgaria occurs.
April 17 – Friends Academy is founded by Gideon Frost at Locust Valley, New York.
May – April Uprising (Bulgaria): Batak massacre – Bulgarians in Batak are massacred by Ottoman troops. The number of victims ranges from 3,000 to 5,000, depending on the source.
May 1
- The Royal Titles Act 1876 in the UK Parliament confers the title 'Empress of India' upon Queen Victoria from 1877.
- The Settle–Carlisle Railway in England is opened to passenger traffic (it opened to goods traffic in 1875).
May 10
- The Centennial Exposition begins in Philadelphia.
- Major pharmaceutical brand Eli Lilly is founded in Indiana, United States.^[6]
May 11/12 – Berlin Memorandum: Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary propose an armistice between Turkey and its insurgents.
May 16
- British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli rejects the Berlin Memorandum.
- German American "Napoleon of crime" Adam Worth steals Gainsborough's Portrait of Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire from a London gallery three weeks after its sale at Christie's for 10,000 guineas, the highest price ever paid for a painting at auction at this time.^[7] It is not recovered until 1901.
May 17 – Nicolaus Otto files his patent for the four-stroke cycle internal combustion engine.^[8]
May 18 – Wyatt Earp starts work in Dodge City, Kansas, serving under Marshal Larry Deger.
May 29 – The United States Senate votes 37 to 29 that U.S. Secretary of War William W. Belknap cannot be barred from trial and impeachment, despite being a private citizen; however, this is far short of the two-thirds majority required and thus he is acquitted.
May 30 – Abdülaziz is deposed by his nephew Murad V as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire on the grounds of mismanaging the economy; 6 days later, Abdülaziz is found dead at the Çırağan Palace in Istanbul and 93 days later Murad is deposed by Abdul Hamid II on the grounds of mental illness. For this reason, in Turkey 1876 is known as the 'Year of the Three Sultans'.
May 30 – The secret decree of Ems Ukaz, issued by Russian Tsar Alexander II in the German city of Bad Ems, was aimed at stopping the printing and distribution of Ukrainian-language publications in the Russian Empire.^[9]^[10]
June 4 – The Transcontinental Express arrives in San Francisco via the First transcontinental railroad, 83 hours and 39 minutes after having left New York City.
June 17 – American Indian Wars: Battle of the Rosebud – 1,500 Sioux and Cheyenne, led by Crazy Horse, beat back General George Crook's forces at Rosebud Creek in Montana Territory.
June 19 – Jászkunság, the last remnant of Kunság within Austria-Hungary, is disestablished.
June 25/26 – American Indian Wars: Battle of the Little Bighorn: 300 men of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer are wiped out by 5,000 Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho, led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.

July – September

July 1 – Serbia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
July 2 – Montenegro declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
July 4 – The United States Centennial Exposition is celebrated across the country.
July 8 – Reichstadt Agreement: Russia and Austria-Hungary agree on partitioning the Balkan Peninsula.
July 13 – The prosecution of Arthur Tooth, an Anglican clergyman, for using ritualist practices begins.
August 1
- Colorado is admitted as the 38th U.S. state.
- The United States Senate votes to acquit former Secretary of War William W. Belknap of all impeached charges relating to the trader post scandal.
August 2 – Wild Bill Hickok is murdered in Deadwood, South Dakota.
August 6 – The first issue of Arabic language newspaper Al-Ahram is published by Saleem and Beshara Takla in Alexandria, Muhammad Ali dynasty (modern-day Egypt).^[11]
August 8 – Thomas Edison receives a patent for his mimeograph.
August 13 – The Bayreuth Festival, showcasing the stage works of Richard Wagner, is inaugurated under the direction of him and his wife Cosima.^[12]
August 31 – Murad V, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, is deposed and succeeded by his brother Abdul Hamid II.
September 5 – British Prime Minister William Gladstone publishes his Bulgarian Horrors pamphlet.
September 7 – In Northfield, Minnesota, Jesse James and the James–Younger Gang attempt to rob the town's bank, but are surrounded by an angry mob and nearly wiped out.
September 12 – King Leopold II of Belgium hosts the Brussels Geographic Conference, on the subject of colonizing and exploring central Africa. By the event's conclusion, a new international body named the International African Association (indirect forerunner of the modern Congo state) is established.
September 26 – Global consumer goods and personal care company Henkel is founded by Friedrich Karl Henkel in Aachen, Germany.^[13]

October–December

October 4 – Texas A&M University opens for classes.
October 6 – The American Library Association is founded in Philadelphia.
October 26 – José María Iglesias begins his disputed presidency of Mexico.^[14]
October 31 – The great 1876 Bengal cyclone strikes the coast of modern-day Bangladesh, killing 200,000.
November 1 – The British Colony of New Zealand dissolves its 9 provinces and replaces them with 63 counties.
November 4 – The long-awaited First Symphony of Johannes Brahms has its première at Karlsruhe, under the baton of Otto Dessoff.
November 7
- 1876 United States presidential election: After long and heated disputes, Rutherford B. Hayes is eventually declared the winner over Samuel J. Tilden.
- A failed grave robbery of the Lincoln Tomb takes place on this same night.
November 10 – The Centennial Exposition ends in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
November 23 – Corrupt Tammany Hall leader William Marcy Tweed (better known as Boss Tweed) is delivered to authorities in New York City, after being captured in Spain.
November 25 – American Indian Wars: Dull Knife Fight – In retaliation for the dramatic American defeat at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, United States Army troops under General Ranald S. Mackenzie sack Chief Dull Knife's sleeping Cheyenne village at the headwaters of the Powder River. The soldiers destroy all of the villagers' winter food and clothing, and then slash their ponies' throats.
November 29 – Porfirio Díaz becomes President of Mexico.
December – The first American edition of Mark Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is published by the American Publishing Company; a British edition has appeared in early June in London with the first review appearing on June 24 in a British magazine.
December 2 – Chugai Economic Daily, predecessor of Nikkei Economic Daily (Nihon Keizai Shinbun), is first issued in Tokyo, Japan.^[15]
December 5 – The Brooklyn Theatre fire kills at least 278, possibly more than 300.
December 6 – The first cremation in the United States takes place, in a crematory built by Francis Julius LeMoyne at North Franklin Township, Pennsylvania.
December 13 – New Constitution of the Ottoman Empire signed, ending Tanzimat in the Ottoman Empire.
December 23 – Constantinople Conference opens.
December 29 – The Ashtabula River railroad disaster occurs in Ohio when a bridge collapses, leaving 92 dead.

Date unknown

Carlo Pellegrini (caricaturist) by Edgar Degas, c. 1876 - Medium: Oil paint on paper mounted on board ; Dimensions: Frame: 800 × 515 × 85 mm support: 632 × 340 mm ; Collection: Tate.

The Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–79, which will claim 30 million lives and become the 5th-worst famine in recorded history, begins after the droughts of the previous year.
Heinz Tomato Ketchup is introduced.
Adolphus Busch's brewery, Anheuser-Busch in St. Louis, Missouri, first markets Budweiser, a pale lager, as a nationally sold beer.
Charles Wells opens his brewery, based in Bedford, England.
Star Oil Company, predecessor of the global Chevron energy product and sales brand, is founded in California, United States.^{[citation needed]}
Emile Berliner invents an improved form of microphone which will be adopted for Alexander Graham Bell's telephone.^[16]
Lyford House, by Richardson Bay, Tiburon, California, is constructed.
Construction of Spandau Prison in Berlin is completed.
Samurai are banned from carrying swords in Japan, and their stipends are replaced by a one-time grant of income-bearing bonds.
The Conchological Society of Great Britain & Ireland is founded.
Heinrich Schliemann begins excavation at Mycenae.
Stockport Lacrosse Club, thought to be the oldest existing lacrosse club in the world, is founded at Cale Green Cricket Club in Davenport, near Manchester in England, where they will still be playing in the 21st century.