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The Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference (KCAC) is a college athletic conference affiliated with the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). The KCAC is the oldest conference in the NAIA and the second-oldest in the United States, tracing its history to 1890.

History

On February 15, 1890, the Kansas Intercollegiate Athletic Association was formed; it was the first successful attempt to organize Kansas colleges for the purposes of promoting and regulating amateur intercollegiate athletics. In addition to the private universities and colleges, the conference also included Kansas State Agriculture College (now Kansas State University), the University of Kansas, and Washburn University. In November of that year, the first college football game in Kansas was played between the Kansas Jayhawks and Baker University.[1]

About 1902 the association allied with the Kansas College Athletic Conference, the first group to adopt a definite set of rules and regulations. By the 1920s the conference had changed its name to Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference and had grown to include 17 regular members and 2 allied members (no longer including the University of Kansas or Kansas State). In 1923 seven colleges withdrew to form the Central Intercollegiate Athletic Conference.

On December 1, 1928, the Kansas Intercollegiate Athletic Conference was formally disbanded and replaced by a new Kansas College Athletic Conference which included six members and formed the present legal entity. It was commonly referred to as the "Little Six", in contrast to the Big Six Conference that eventually became the current Big 12. By 1968 the conference grew to include 12 members. It was organized into Northern and Southern divisions until 1970 when three colleges withdrew to join Missouri-based conferences. In the mid-1970s the name was changed to its current form.[2]

1905 night game

See 1905 Cooper vs. Fairmount football game

In the 1905 season, the Coleman Company set up temporary gas-powered lighting for a night game against Cooper College (now called the Sterling Warriors). It was the first night football game played west of the Mississippi River.[3] Fairmount (now Wichita State University) won the game 24–0.[4]

1905 "experimental" game

See 1905 Washburn vs. Fairmount football game

On December 25, 1905, Fairmount played a game against the Washburn Ichabods using a set of experimental rules. The game was officiated by then Washburn head coach John H. Outland.

The experiment was considered a failure. Outland commented, "It seems to me that the distance required in three downs would almost eliminate touchdowns, except through fakes or flukes."[5] The Los Angeles Times reported that there was much kicking and that the game was considered much safer than regular play, but that the new rule was not "conducive to the sport."[6]

In his history of the sport of football, David M. Nelson concluded that "the first forward passes were thrown at the end of the 1905 season in a game between Fairmount and Washburn colleges in Kansas."[7] According to Nelson, Washburn completed three passes, and Fairmount completed two.

Chronological timeline

Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference
150km
100miles
Bethany
Evangel
Avila
York
Oklahoma Wesleyan
Saint Mary
Friends
Ottawa
Tabor
Sterling
Southwestern
Bethel
McPherson
.
Kansas Wesleyan
  
Map
Location of KCAC members: current
  • 1902 – The Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference (KCAC) was founded as the Kansas Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (KIAC). Charter members included Baker University, Bethany College, Bethel College, the College of Emporia (CoE), Cooper Memorial College (now Sterling College), Fairmount College (now Wichita State University), Friends University, Kansas Wesleyan University, Kansas State Teachers College of Emporia (now Emporia State University), Kansas State Teachers College of Hays (now Fort Hays State University), Kansas State Teachers College of Pittsburg (now Pittsburg State University), Kansas State Agricultural College (now Kansas State University), McPherson College, Ottawa University, St. Benedict's College (now Benedictine College), St. Mary's College (now Saint Mary's Academy and College), Southwest Kansas Conference College (now Southwestern College), Washburn College (now Washburn University) as full members, and St. John's College and Kansas City University as allied members, effective beginning the 1902–03 academic year.
  • 1913 – Kansas State left the KIAC to join the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MVIAA), effective after the 1912–13 academic year.
  • 1923 – Nine institutions left the KIAC to join their respective new home primary conferences: The College of Emporia, Emporia State, Fort Hays State, Pittsburg State, Southwestern (Ks.), Washburn and Wichita State to form the Central Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (CIC), and Kansas City U. and St. John's (Ks.) as Independents, effective after the 1922–23 academic year.
  • 1928 – Bethel (Ks.), Friends, Sterling and St. Benedict's (Ks.) left the KIAC to become Independents, effective in December 1928 (during the 1928–29 academic year).
  • 1928 – The KIAC was rebranded as the Kansas College Athletic Conference (KCAC), effective in December 1928 (during the 1928–29 academic year).
  • 1931 – St. Mary's (Ks.) left the KCAC as the school closed, effective after the 1930–31 academic year.
  • 1933 – The College of Emporia rejoined the KCAC, effective in the 1933–34 academic year.
  • 1939 – Bethel (Ks.) rejoined the KCAC, effective in the 1939–40 academic year.
  • 1953 – Friends rejoined the KCAC, effective in the 1953–54 academic year.
  • 1958 – Southwestern (Ks.) and Sterling rejoined the KCAC, effective in the 1958–59 academic year.
  • 1968 – St. Mary of the Plains College and Tabor College joined the KCAC, effective in the 1968–69 academic year.
  • 1970 – The KCAC has been rebranded as the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference (KCAC), effective in the 1970–71 academic year.
  • 1971 – Baker, the College of Emporia and Ottawa left the KCAC to form part of the Heart of America Athletic Conference (HAAC), effective after the 1970–71 academic year.
  • 1982 – Ottawa rejoined the KCAC, effective in the 1982–83 academic year.
  • 1992 – St. Mary's of the Plains left the KCAC as the school closed, effective after the 1991–92 academic year.
  • 1999 – The Saint Mary College of Leavenworth (now the University of Saint Mary) joined the KCAC, effective in the 1999–2000 academic year.
  • 2015 – Oklahoma Wesleyan University joined the KCAC, effective in the 2015–16 academic year.
  • 2015 – Six institutions joined the KCAC as associate members: St. Gregory's University for men's lacrosse, Midland University and Johnson & Wales University–Colorado for women's lacrosse, and Clarke University and Missouri Valley College for men's and women's lacrosse (with Benedictine re-joining back for both sports), all effective in the 2016 spring season (2015–16 academic year).
  • 2016 – St. Gregory's left the KCAC as an associate member for men's lacrosse after the school suspended it, effective during the 2016 spring season (2015–16 academic year).
  • 2016 – York College joined the KCAC, effective in the 2015–16 academic year.
  • 2016 – St. Ambrose University joined the KCAC as an associate member for men's lacrosse, effective in the 2017 spring season (2016–17 academic year).
  • 2017 – Five institutions joined the KCAC as associate members: Columbia College of Missouri for men's lacrosse, St. Ambrose adding women's lacrosse to its KCAC associate membership, and Hastings College, the University of Jamestown and Missouri Baptist University for women's wrestling, all effective in the 2017–18 academic year.
  • 2018 – Johnson & Wales–Colorado left the KCAC as an associate member for women's lacrosse, effective after the 2018 spring season (2017–18 academic year).
  • 2018 – Avila University joined the KCAC, effective in the 2015–16 academic year.
  • 2019 – Six institutions joined the KCAC as associate members: Culver–Stockton College for women's lacrosse, Lincoln College, Morningside College (now Morningside University) and William Penn University for men's and women's swimming (with Missouri Baptist adding these sports), and Midland adding men's lacrosse and men's & women's swimming to its KCAC associate membership, all effective in the 2019–20 academic year.
  • 2020 – Missouri Baptist left the KCAC as an associate member for women's wrestling, effective after the 2019–20 academic year.
  • 2020 – Four institutions joined the KCAC as associate members: Bethel Indiana University for men's and women's swimming (with Morningside adding these sports), Cottey College for women's flag football, and Midland adding women's wrestling and women's flag football to its KCAC associate membership, all effective in the 2020–21 academic year.
  • 2021 – Lincoln (Ill.) left the KCAC as an associate member for men's and women's swimming, effective after the 2020–21 academic year.
  • 2022 – The College of Saint Mary (Neb.) joined the KCAC as an associate member in women's swimming & diving effective in the 2022–23 academic year.
  • 2023 – Evangel University joined the KCAC, effective beginning the 2023–24 academic year.

Member schools

Current members

The KCAC currently has fourteen full members, all are private schools:

Institution Location Founded Affiliation Enrollment Nickname Joined[a]
Avila University Kansas City, Missouri 1916 Catholic
(C.S.J.)
1,676 Eagles 2018
Bethany College Lindsborg, Kansas 1881 Lutheran ELCA 500 Swedes 1902
Bethel College North Newton, Kansas 1887 Mennonite 500 Threshers 1902;
1939[b]
Evangel University Springfield, Missouri 1955 Assemblies of God 1,511 Valor 2023
Friends University Wichita, Kansas 1898 Nondenominational 3,000 Falcons 1902;
1953[c]
Kansas Wesleyan University Salina, Kansas 1886 United Methodist 1,000 Coyotes 1902
McPherson College McPherson, Kansas 1887 Brethren 844 Bulldogs 1902
Oklahoma Wesleyan University Bartlesville, Oklahoma 1972 Wesleyan Church 1,103 Eagles 2015
Ottawa University Ottawa, Kansas 1865 Baptist 726 Braves 1902;
1982[d]
University of Saint Mary Leavenworth, Kansas 1859 Catholic
(S.C.L.)
1,280 Spires 1999
Southwestern College Winfield, Kansas 1885 United Methodist 1,650 Moundbuilders 1902;
1958[e]
Sterling College Sterling, Kansas 1887 Evangelical Christian 750 Warriors 1902;
1958[f]
Tabor College Hillsboro, Kansas 1908 Mennonite Brethren 600 Bluejays 1968
York University York, Nebraska 1890 Churches of Christ 459 Panthers 2016
Notes
  1. ^ Represents the calendar year when fall sports competition begins.
  2. ^ Bethel (Ks.) left the KCAC in December 1928 (during the 1928–29 school year) before rejoining effective the 1939–40 school year.
  3. ^ Friends left the KCAC in December 1928 (during the 1928–29 school year) before rejoining effective the 1953–54 school year.
  4. ^ Ottawa left the KCAC after the 1970–71 school year before rejoining effective the 1982–83 school year.
  5. ^ Southwestern (Ks.) left the KCAC after the 1922–23 school year before rejoining effective the 1958–59 school year.
  6. ^ Sterling left the KCAC in December 1928 (during the 1928–29 school year) before rejoining effective the 1958–59 school year.

Associate members

The KCAC currently has 15 associate members, all are private schools:

Institution Location Founded Affiliation Enrollment Nickname Joined[a] KCAC
sport
Primary
conference
Benedictine College Atchison, Kansas 1858 Catholic
(Benedictines)
2,189 Ravens 2015m.lax.
2015w.lax.
men's lacrosse
women's lacrosse
Heart of America (HAAC)
Bethel University Mishawaka, Indiana 1947 Missionary 1,964 Pilots 2020m.sw.
2020w.sw.
men's swimming
women's swimming
Crossroads
Clarke University Dubuque, Iowa 1843 Catholic
(B.V.M.)
1,075 Pride 2015m.lax.
2015w.lax.
men's lacrosse
women's lacrosse
Heart of America (HAAC)
Columbia College of Missouri Columbia, Missouri 1851 Nonsectarian 4,000 Cougars 2017m.lax.
2021w.lax.
men's lacrosse
eSports
American Midwest
Cottey College Nevada, Missouri 1884 Nonsectarian 300 Comets 2020 women's flag football American Midwest
Culver–Stockton College Canton, Missouri 1853 Disciples of Christ 1,066 Wildcats 2019 women's lacrosse Heart of America (HAAC)
Hastings College Hastings, Nebraska 1882 Presbyterian
(PCUSA)
1,150 Broncos 2017 women's wrestling Great Plains (GPAC)
University of Jamestown Jamestown, North Dakota 1883 Presbyterian
(PCUSA)
1,000 Jimmies 2017w.wr.
2021w.sw.
women's wrestling
women's swimming
Great Plains (GPAC)
Midland University Fremont, Nebraska 1883 Lutheran ELCA 1,394 Warriors 2019m.lax.
2015w.lax.
2020w.wr.
2019m.sw.
2019w.sw.
2020w.f.fb.
men's lacrosse
women's lacrosse
women's wrestling
men's swimming
women's swimming
women's flag football
Great Plains (GPAC)
Missouri Baptist University[b] Creve Coeur, Missouri 1957 Southern Baptist 5,309 Spartans 2019m.lax.
2019w.lax.
men's lacrosse
women's lacrosse
American Midwest
Missouri Valley College Marshall, Missouri 1889 Presbyterian
(PCUSA)
1,728 Vikings 2015m.lax.
2015w.lax.
men's lacrosse
women's lacrosse
Heart of America (HAAC)
Morningside University Sioux City, Iowa 1894 United Methodist 2,824 Mustangs 2019m.lax.
2019w.lax.
2020m.sw.
2020w.sw.
men's lacrosse
women's lacrosse
men's swimming
women's swimming
Great Plains (GPAC)
St. Ambrose University Davenport, Iowa 1882 Catholic
(Diocese of
Davenport
)
3,607 Fighting Bees 2016m.lax.
2017w.lax.
men's lacrosse
women's lacrosse
Chicagoland (CCAC)
College of Saint Mary Omaha, Nebraska 1923 Catholic
(R.S.M.)
1,070 Flames 2022 women's swimming & diving Great Plains (GPAC)
William Penn University Oskaloosa, Iowa 1873 Quakers 1,550 Statesmen 2019m.lax.
2019w.lax.
men's lacrosse
women's lacrosse
Heart of America (HAAC)
Notes
  1. ^ Represents the calendar year when fall sports competition begins.
  2. ^ Missouri Baptist competed in the KCAC as an associate member for women's wrestling from 2017–18 to 2019–20.

Former members

The KCAC had 12 former full members, all but five were private schools:

Institution Location Founded Affiliation Enrollment Nickname Joined[a] Left[b] Subsequent
conference(s)
Current
conference
Baker University Baldwin City, Kansas 1858 United Methodist 989 Wildcats 1902 1971 Heart of America (HAAC)
(1971–present)
College of Emporia Emporia, Kansas 1882 Presbyterian N/A Fighting Presbies 1902;
1933
1923;
1971[c]
various[d] Closed in 1974
Fairmont College[e] Wichita, Kansas 1895 Public 15,778 Shockers 1902 1923 various[g] The American[f]
(2017–present)
Kansas City University Kansas City, Kansas 1896 Methodist N/A Cowboys 1902 1923 Independent
(1923–33)
Closed in 1933
Kansas State Teachers College of Emporia[h] Emporia, Kansas 1863 Public 5,887 Hornets &
Lady Hornets
1902 1923 various[i] Mid-America (MIAA)[j]
(1991–present)
Kansas State Teachers College of Hays[k] Hays, Kansas 1902 Public 14,658 Tigers 1902 1923 various[l] Mid-America (MIAA)[j]
(2006–present)
Kansas State Teachers College of Pittsburg[m] Pittsburg, Kansas 1903 Public 7,102 Gorillas 1902 1923 various[n] Mid-America (MIAA)[j]
(1989–present)
Kansas State Agricultural College[o] Manhattan, Kansas 1863 Public
(Land-grant)
20,229 Wildcats 1902 1913 various[p] Big 12[f]
(1996–present)
St. Benedict's College[q] Atchison, Kansas 1858 Catholic
(Benedictines)
2,189 Ravens 1902 1928[r] various[s] Heart of America (HAAC)
(1991–present)
St. John's College Winfield, Kansas 1893 Lutheran LCMS N/A Eagles 1902 1923 Independent
(1923–86)
Closed in 1986
St. Mary of the Plains College Dodge City, Kansas 1913 Catholic
(Diocese of
Dodge City
)
N/A Cavaliers &
Saints
1968 1992 Closed in 1992
St. Mary's College St. Marys, Kansas 1848 Catholic
(SSPX)
N/A Knights 1902 1931 N/A[t]
Washburn University Topeka, Kansas 1865 Public 7,971 Ichabods 1902 1923 various[u] Mid-America (MIAA)[j]
(1989–present)
Notes
  1. ^ Represents the calendar year when fall sports competition begins.
  2. ^ Represents the calendar year when spring sports competition ends.
  3. ^ The College of Emporia previously withdrew from the KCAC from 1923–24 to 1932–33.
  4. ^ The College of Emporia had various subsequent conference affiliations: the Central Intercollegiate Conference (CIC) from 1923–24 to 1932–33 and the Heart of America Athletic Conference (HAAC) from 1971–72 to 1973–74.
  5. ^ Currently known as Wichita State University since 1964.
  6. ^ a b c d Currently an NCAA Division I athletic conference.
  7. ^ Wichita State had various subsequent conference affiliations: the Central Intercollegiate Conference (CIC) from 1923–24 to 1939–40, as an NAIA Independent from 1940–41 to 1944–45, and the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC)[f] from 1945–46 to 2016–17.
  8. ^ Currently known as Emporia State University since 1977.
  9. ^ Emporia State had various subsequent conference affiliations: the Central Intercollegiate Conference (CIC) from 1923–24 to 1967–68, the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference (RMAC) from 1968–69 to 1971–72, the Great Plains Athletic Conference (GPAC) from 1972–73 to 1975–76, the Central States Intercollegiate Conference (CSIC) from 1976–77 to 1988–89, and as an NCAA D-II Independent from 1989–90 to 1990–91.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Currently an NCAA Division II athletic conference.
  11. ^ Currently known as Fort Hays State University since 1977.
  12. ^ Fort Hays State had various subsequent conference affiliations: the Central Intercollegiate Conference (CIC) from 1923–24 to 1967–68, the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference[j] (RMAC) from 1968–69 to 1971–72 (also from 1989–90 to 2005–06 in its second stint), the Great Plains Athletic Conference (GPAC) from 1972–73 to 1975–76, and the Central States Intercollegiate Conference (CSIC) from 1976–77 to 1988–89.
  13. ^ Currently known as Pittsburg State University since 1977.
  14. ^ Pittsburg State had various subsequent conference affiliations: the Central Intercollegiate Conference (CIC) from 1923–24 to 1967–68, the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference (RMAC) from 1968–69 to 1971–72, the Great Plains Athletic Conference (GPAC) from 1972–73 to 1975–76, and the Central States Intercollegiate Conference (CSIC) from 1976–77 to 1988–89.
  15. ^ Currently known as Kansas State University since 1959.
  16. ^ Kansas State had various subsequent conference affiliations: the Missouri Valley Conference[f] (MVC) from 1913–14 to 1927–28, and the Big Eight Conference[j] from 1928–29 to 1995–96.
  17. ^ Currently known as Benedictine College since 1971.
  18. ^ Benedictine left the KCAC in December 1928 (during the 1928–29 school year).
  19. ^ Benedictine had various subsequent conference affiliations: as an Independent from January 1929 (during the 1928–29 school year) to 1936–37, the Central Intercollegiate Conference (CIC) from 1937–38 to 1961–62, and as an NAIA Independent from 1962–63 to 1990–91.
  20. ^ St. Mary's (Ks.) dropped its athletics program after the 1930–31 school year.
  21. ^ Washburn had various subsequent conference affiliations: the Central Intercollegiate Conference (CIC) from 1923–24 to 1932–33 (also from 1940–41 to 1967–68 on its second stint), as an Independent from 1933–34 to 1939–40, the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference[j] (RMAC) from 1968–69 to 1971–72, the Great Plains Athletic Conference (GPAC) from 1972–73 to 1975–76, and the Central States Intercollegiate Conference (CSIC) from 1976–77 to 1988–89.

Former associate members

The KCAC had four former associate members, all were private schools:

Institution Location Founded Affiliation Enrollment Nickname Joined[a] Left[b] KCAC
sport
Primary
conference
Johnson & Wales University–Colorado Denver, Colorado 1914 Nonsectarian 1,291 Wildcats 2015 2018 women's lacrosse N/A[c]
Lincoln College Lincoln, Illinois 1865 Nonsectarian 800 Lynx 2019m.sw.
2019w.sw.
2021m.sw.
2021w.sw.
men's swimming
women's swimming
N/A[d]
Missouri Baptist University[e] Creve Coeur, Missouri 1957 Southern Baptist 5,309 Spartans 2017 2020 women's wrestling American Midwest
St. Gregory's University Shawnee, Oklahoma 1914 Catholic
(Benedictines)
692 Cavaliers 2015 2016 men's lacrosse N/A[f]
Notes
  1. ^ Represents the calendar year when fall sports competition begins.
  2. ^ Represents the calendar year when spring sports competition ends.
  3. ^ Johnson & Wales–Denver discontinued its athletic program once the school announced that it would close after the 2019–20 school year.
  4. ^ Lincoln (Ill.) discontinued its athletic program once the school announced that it would close after the 2021–22 school year.
  5. ^ Missouri Baptist remains in the KCAC as an associate member for men's and women's lacrosse.
  6. ^ St. Gregory's (Okla.) discontinued its athletic program once the school announced that it would close after the 2017 fall season (2017–18 school year).

Membership timeline

Evangel UniversityCottey CollegeBethel University (Indiana)William Penn UniversityMorningside UniversityLincoln College (Illinois)Culver–Stockton CollegeAvila UniversityMissouri Baptist UniversityUniversity of JamestownHastings CollegeColumbia College (Missouri)St. Ambrose UniversityYork College (Nebraska)St. Gregory's UniversityMissouri Valley CollegeMidland UniversityJohnson %26 Wales UniversityClarke UniversityOklahoma Wesleyan UniversityUniversity of Saint MaryTabor College (Kansas)St. Mary of the Plains CollegeKansas City University (1896–1933)St. John's College (Kansas)Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics AssociationCentral States Intercollegiate ConferenceGreat Plains Athletic Conference (1972–1976)Rocky Mountain Athletic ConferenceCentral Intercollegiate ConferenceCentral Intercollegiate ConferenceWashburn UniversityCentral Intercollegiate ConferenceSouthwestern College (Kansas)Sterling College (Kansas)Saint Mary's Academy and CollegeHeart of America Athletic ConferenceNAIA independent schoolsCentral Intercollegiate ConferenceBenedictine CollegeHeart of America Athletic ConferenceOttawa UniversityMcPherson CollegeBig 12 ConferenceBig Eight ConferenceMissouri Valley ConferenceKansas State UniversityMid-America Intercollegiate Athletics AssociationCentral States Intercollegiate ConferenceGreat Plains Athletic Conference (1972–1976)Rocky Mountain Athletic ConferenceCentral Intercollegiate ConferencePittsburg State UniversityMid-America Intercollegiate Athletics AssociationRocky Mountain Athletic ConferenceCentral States Intercollegiate ConferenceGreat Plains Athletic Conference (1972–1976)Rocky Mountain Athletic ConferenceCentral Intercollegiate ConferenceFort Hays State UniversityMid-America Intercollegiate Athletics AssociationNCAA Division II independent schoolsCentral States Intercollegiate ConferenceGreat Plains Athletic Conference (1972–1976)Rocky Mountain Athletic ConferenceCentral Intercollegiate ConferenceEmporia State UniversityKansas Wesleyan UniversityFriends UniversityAmerican Athletic ConferenceMissouri Valley ConferenceCentral Intercollegiate ConferenceWichita State UniversityHeart of America Athletic ConferenceCollege of EmporiaBethel College (Kansas)Bethany College (Kansas)Heart of America Athletic ConferenceBaker University

 Full member (all sports)   Full member (non-football)   Associate member (sport) 

Sports

Conference sports
Sport Men's Women's
Baseball Green tickY
Basketball Green tickY Green tickY
Cross Country Green tickY Green tickY
Football Green tickY Green tickY
(flag)
Golf Green tickY Green tickY
Lacrosse Green tickY Green tickY
Soccer Green tickY Green tickY
Softball Green tickY
Tennis Green tickY Green tickY
Track & Field Indoor Green tickY Green tickY
Track & Field Outdoor Green tickY Green tickY
Volleyball Green tickY
Wrestling Green tickY

See also

References

  1. ^ Evans, Harold (August 1940). "College Football in Kansas". Kansas Historical Quarterly. pp. 285–311. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
  2. ^ National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics "Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference"
  3. ^ "First Light (1900–1929)". Coleman Company. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
  4. ^ DeLassus, David. "Wichita State Yearly Results (1905)". College Football Data Warehouse. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
  5. ^ "Ten Yard Rule a Failure" (PDF). New York Times. December 26, 1905.
  6. ^ "New Football Rules Tested". Los Angeles Times. December 26, 1905.
  7. ^ Nelson, David M. (1994). The Anatomy of a Game: Football, the Rules, and the Men Who Made the Game. University of Delaware Press. ISBN 0-87413-455-2., p. 128

External links