Major General James G. Blunt

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The Sporocadaceae are a family of fungi, that was formerly in the order Xylariales.[2] It was placed in the Amphisphaeriales order in 2020.[3]

Species of Sporocadaceae are endophytic (living with a plant), plant pathogenic (causing disease) or saprobic (processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter).[4] They are associated with a wide range of host plants.[5][6][7] They are also endophytes or parasitic on humans and animals.[8] Some of them are confirmed to cause human and animal diseases. For example, Pestalotiopsis spp. have been isolated from a bronchial biopsy, corneal abrasions, eyes, feet, fingernails, scalp, and sinuses from the human body.[9][10]

Members of Sporocadaceae are also known as 'pestalotioid fungi',[11] which refers to genera resembling those taxa having affinities with Pestalotia.[12] A former genus, whose species are now split between Pestalotiopsis, Neopestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis.[13][14] 'Pestalotia' also encompasses genus Seiridium.[15]

History

The family Sporocadaceae was established by Corda in 1842 with the type genus of Sporocadus.[5][8]

The order of Amphisphaeriales was resurrected by Senanayake et al. (2015), to include Amphisphaeriaceae, Clypeosphaeriaceae and another four novel families derived from Amphisphaeriaceae (Bartaliniaceae, Discosiaceae, Pestalotiopsidaceae and Phlogicylindriaceae).[16] However, the fungal sequence dataset as used in Senanayake et al. (2015),[16] was largely incomplete and some of the introduced families were not well supported statistically. Subsequently, Jaklitsch et al. (2016),[17] synonymised Bartaliniaceae, Discosiaceae, Pestalotiopsidaceae and Robillardaceae, and then revived the older family name of Sporocadaceae to accommodate them (Crous et al. 2015).[18]

Because genera in this family of fungi share the same evolutionary history, it is unlikely that the diversity of secondary metabolites detected in Pestalotiopsis is an exception within the family. Therefore, a large number of potential novel metabolites might be hidden and await discovery. The natural classification system proposed for Sporocadaceae in this study could thus present a major step to screen for novel metabolites in future studies.[5]

Description

Most fungal genera within the Sporocadaceae family have multi-septate (cavity walls) and more or less fusiform (spindle-like shaped) conidia with appendages at one or both ends, frequently with some melanised cells.[12] This genus has undergone many rearrangements since it was first introduced by Italian botanist, lichenologist and mycologist De Notaris (1805–1877), in 1841.[5]

The morphology of the asexual morph genera having acervular (an open, saucer-shaped asexual fruiting body) conidiomata that produce hyaline (resembling glass), pale or dark brown, septate conidia were taken into the consideration by various botanic authors when they were assigned to the family.[8]

Pestalotia-like asexual morphs were classified in Amphisphaeriaceae (Samuels et al. 1987),[19] accommodating 36 genera (Hawksworth et al. 1995).[20]

Hosts

They are associated with a wide range of host plants,[6][11] including grapevines in China,[5] Rosa spp.[11] Camellia oleifera (Tea-oil tree) in China,[13]

Many of the Sporocadaceae species were reported as important plant pathogenic fungi that mainly harm various economic crops, such as tea (Camellia sinensis),[21][22] blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum),[23] and elephant apple, (Dillenia indica).[24] Genera Pestalotiopsis and Neopestalotiopsis cause twig blight and dieback on blueberry plants in Portugal.[25] Genera Neopestalotiopsis, Pestalotiopsis, and Seiridium are found on woody oil plants such as; (Camellia oleifera, Olea europaea (Olive), Paeonia suffruticosa, Sapium sebiferum, and Vernicia fordii) in Sichuan Province, China.[15]

Species of Pestalotiopsis are found on Fagaceae leaves within China.[26] Species Pestalotiopsis kenyana causes leaf spot disease on Zanthoxylum schinifolium (a species of prickly ash) in Sichuan Province, China.[27]

Pestalotioid fungi are also one of the major agents causing leaf spots on mango trees in China.[28]

In 2021, new species were found in Thailand, Neopestalotiopsis hydeana and Pestalotiopsis hydei which caused leaf spots and fruit rots on Alpinia malaccensis, Alpinia galangal, Annona squamosa, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Garcinia mangostana, Litsea petiolata, Vitis vinifera and various Citrus sp. in Chiang Rai, Thailand.[29]

Uses

In addition, members of Sporocadaceae are of particular interest with regard to the production of secondary metabolites, e.g. Pestalotiopsis, Bartalinia and Morinia (Collado et al., 2006,[30] Gangadevi and Muthumary, 2008,[31] Liu et al., 2009).[32] Pestalotiopsis fici was shown to possess a very high number of gene clusters involved in bio-active compound synthesis (Wang et al. 2016).[33]

Distribution

It has a cosmopolitan distribution worldwide,[11] except Canada, Alaska, Greenland and the North and South poles.[34] Including Argentina,[23] Thailand,[6] Taiwan,[21] and China.[7][12][11]

Genera

Studies on Sporocadaceae were mostly based on ITS and LSU sequence data (DNA analysis) and these data sets were not originally informative in resolving generic boundaries within the family (Jaklitsch et al. 2016b).[17] The 2019 study by Liu et al. (2019a), provided a revision of this family complete with morphology and multi-gene phylogeny based on the LSU, ITS and rpb2 sequence data and further analysis using protein coding genes (tef1 or tub2) for each genus.[5]

The family comprised 35 genera in 2022.[12] It was estimated it had 750 species.[8] As accepted in 2020 (with amount of genera);[3]

References

  1. ^ Corda, A.C.J. 1842. Icones fungorum hucusque cognitorum. 5:1-92
  2. ^ Lumbsch, Thorsten H.; Huhndorf, S.M. (December 2007). "Outline of Ascomycota – 2007". Myconet. 13. Chicago, USA: The Field Museum, Department of Botany: 1–58. Archived from the original on March 18, 2009.
  3. ^ a b Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:11336/151990.
  4. ^ Hyde, Kevin D.; et al. (2016). "Fungal diversity notes 367–490: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 80 (1): 1–270. doi:10.1007/s13225-016-0373-x. S2CID 256072208.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Liu, F.; Bonthond, G.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Cai, L.; Crous, P.W. (March 2019). "Sporocadaceae, a family of coelomycetous fungi with appendage-bearing conidia". Studies in Mycology. 92: 287–415. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2018.11.001. PMC 6298422. PMID 30584265.
  6. ^ a b c Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N.; Guo, L.D.; Chukeatirote, E; McKenzie, E.H.C.; Hyde, Kevin D. (2013). "A destructive new disease of Syzygium samarangense in Thailand caused by the new species Pestalotiopsis samarangensis". Tropical Plant Pathology. 38 (3): 227–235. doi:10.1590/S1982-56762013005000002. S2CID 84240181.
  7. ^ a b Jayawardena, R.S.; Zhang, W.; Liu, M.; Maharachchikumbura, SSN; Zhou, Y.; Huang, J.B.; Nilthong, S.; Wang, Z.Y.; Li, X.H.; Yan, J.Y.; Hyde, Kevin D. (2015). "Identification and characterization of Pestalotiopsis-like fungi related to grapevine diseases in China". Fungal Biology. 119 (5): 348–361. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2014.11.001. PMID 25937063.
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  12. ^ a b c d Zhang, Zhaoxue; Liu, Rongyu; Liu, Shubin; Mu, Taichang; Zhang, Xiuguo; Xia, Jiwen (14 April 2022). "Morphological and phylogenetic analyses reveal two new species of Sporocadaceae from Hainan, China". MycoKeys. 88: 171–192. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.88.82229. PMC 9023435. PMID 35585932. S2CID 248198766.
  13. ^ a b Li, Lingling; Yang, Qin; Li, He (15 December 2021). "Morphology, Phylogeny, and Pathogenicity of Pestalotioid Species on Camellia oleifera in China". J Fungi (Basel). 7 (12): 1080. doi:10.3390/jof7121080. PMC 8705482. PMID 34947061.
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  15. ^ a b Li, Wen-Li; Dissanayake, Asha J.; Zhang, Tian; Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S.N.; Liu, Jian-Kui (8 November 2022). "Identification and Pathogenicity of Pestalotiod Fungi Associated with Woody Oil Plants in Sichuan Province, China". J Fungi (Basel). 8 (11): 1175. doi:10.3390/jof8111175. PMC 9696782. PMID 36354942.
  16. ^ a b Senanayake, Indunil C.; Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S.N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Bhat, Jayarama D.; Jones, E. B. Gareth; McKenzie, Eric H. C.; Dai, Dong Qin; Daranagama, Dinushani A.; Dayarathne, Monika C.; Goonasekara, Ishani D.; Konta, Sirinapa; Li, Wen Jing; Shang, Qiu Ju; Stadler, Marc; Wijayawardene, Nalin N.; Xiao, Yuan Pin; Norphanphoun, Chada; Li, Qirui; Liu, Xing Zhong; Bahkali, Ali H.; Kang, Ji Chuan; Wang, Yong; Wen, Ting Chi; Wendt, Lucile; Xu, Jian Chu; Camporesi, Erio (2015). "Towards unraveling relationships in Xylariomycetidae (Sordariomycetes)". Fungal Diversity. 73: 73–144. doi:10.1007/s13225-015-0340-y. S2CID 256070746.
  17. ^ a b Jaklitsch, W.M.; Gardiennet, A.; Voglmayr, H. (2016). "Resolution of morphology-based taxonomic delusions: Acrocordiella, Basiseptospora, Blogiascospora, Clypeosphaeria, Hymenopleella, Lepteutypa, Pseudapiospora, Requienella, Seiridium and Strickeria". Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi. 37: 82‑105. doi:10.3767/003158516X690475. PMC 5238940. PMID 28100927.
  18. ^ Crous, Pedro W.; Carris, Lori M.; Giraldo, Alejandra; Groenewald, Johannes Z.; Hawksworth, David L.; Hemández-Restrepo, Margarita; Jaklitsch, Walter M.; Lebrun, Marc-Henri; Schumacher, René K.; Stielow, J. Benjamin; Linde, Elna J. van der; Vilcāne, Jūlija; Voglmayr, Hermann; Wood, Alan R. (2015). "The Genera of Fungi - fixing the application of the type species of generic names - G 2: Allantophomopsis, Latorua, Macrodiplodiopsis, Macrohilum, Milospium, Protostegia, Pyricularia, Robillarda, Rotula, Septoriella, Torula, and Wojnowicia". IMA Fungus. 6 (1): 163–198. doi:10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.01.11. PMC 4500082. PMID 26203422.
  19. ^ Samuels, G.J.; Müller, E.; Petrini, O. (1987). "Studies in the Amphisphaeriaceae (sensu lato) 3. New species of Monographella and Pestalosphaeria and two new genera". Mycotaxon. 28: 473–499.
  20. ^ D.L. Hawksworth, P.M. Kirk, B.C. Sutton, et al. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi (8th edn.), CAB International, Wallingford, UK (1995)
  21. ^ a b Tsai, Ichen; Chung, Chia-Lin; Lin, Shiou-Ruei; Hung, Ting-Hsuan; Shen, Tang-Long; Hu, Chih-Yi; Hozzein, Wael N.; Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (February 2021). "Cryptic Diversity, Molecular Systematics, and Pathogenicity of Genus Pestalotiopsis and Allied Genera Causing Gray Blight Disease of Tea in Taiwan, With a Description of a New Pseudopestalotiopsis Species". Plant Disease. 105 (2): 425–443. doi:10.1094/PDIS-05-20-1134-RE. PMID 32720884. S2CID 220841364.
  22. ^ J. N. Srivastava and A. K. Singh (Editors) Diseases of Horticultural Crops: Diagnosis and Management: Volume 4 ... (2022), p. 127, at Google Books
  23. ^ a b Fernández et al. 'Disease Prevalence and Symptoms Caused by Alternaria tenuissima and Pestalotiopsis guepinii on Blueberry in Entre Ríos and Buenos Aires, Argentina' January 2015, American Journal of Plant Sciences 06 (19):3082-3090
  24. ^ Banerjee, A.; Mandal, R.; Nath, P.S. (2018). "First report of leaf spot disease of elephant apple (Dillenia indica) caused by Pestalotiopsis sp. in India". New Disease Reports. 37: 14. doi:10.5197/j.2044-0588.2018.037.014.
  25. ^ Santos, João; Hilário, Sandra; Pinto, Glória; Alves, Artur (2022). "Diversity and pathogenicity of pestalotioid fungi associated with blueberry plants in Portugal, with description of three novel species of Neopestalotiopsis". European Journal of Plant Pathology. 162 (3): 539–555. doi:10.1007/s10658-021-02419-0. S2CID 244503020.
  26. ^ Jiang, Ning; Voglmayr, Hermann; Xue, Han; Piao, Chun-Gen; Li, Yong (21 December 2022). "Morphology and Phylogeny of Pestalotiopsis (Sporocadaceae, Amphisphaeriales) from Fagaceae Leaves in China". Microbiol. Spectr. 10 (6): e0327222. doi:10.1128/spectrum.03272-22. PMC 9769744. PMID 36354327.
  27. ^ Liu, C.; Luo, F; Zhu, T.; Han, S.; Li, S. (24 May 2021). "Leaf Spot Disease Caused by Pestalotiopsis kenyana on Zanthoxylum schinifolium in Sichuan Province, China". Plant Dis. 105 (11): 3747. doi:10.1094/PDIS-10-20-2247-PDN. PMID 34029133. S2CID 235202722.
  28. ^ Shu, Juan; Yu, Zhihe; Sun, Wenxiu; Zhao, Jiang; Li, Qili; Tang, Lihua; Guo, Tangxun; Huang, Suiping; Mo, Jianyou; Hsiang, Tom; Luo, Shuming (April 2020). "Identification and Characterization of Pestalotioid Fungi Causing Leaf Spots on Mango in Southern China". Plant Disease. 104 (4): 1207–1213. doi:10.1094/PDIS-03-19-0438-RE. PMID 32065570. S2CID 209581223.
  29. ^ Huanaluek, Naruemon; Jayawardena, Ruvishika S.; Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N.; Harishchandra, Dulanjalee L. (7 January 2021). "Additions to pestalotioid fungi in Thailand: Neopestalotiopsis hydeana sp. nov. and Pestalotiopsis hydei sp. nov". Phytotaxa. 479 (1): 23–43. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.479.1.2. S2CID 234258635.
  30. ^ Collado, J.; Platas, G.; Bills, G.F.; Basilio, A.; Vicente, F. (2006). "Studies on Morinia: Recognition of Morinia longiappendiculata sp. nov. as a new endophytic fungus, and a new circumscription of Morinia pestalozzioides". Mycologia. 98 (4): 616–627. doi:10.1080/15572536.2006.11832665. PMID 17139855. S2CID 218587511.
  31. ^ Gangadevi, V.; Muthumary, J. (2008). "Taxol, an anticancer drug produced by an endophytic fungus Bartalinia robillardoides Tassi, isolated from a medicinal plant, Aegle marmelos Correa ex Roxb". World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 24 (5): 717. doi:10.1007/s11274-007-9530-4. S2CID 84478329.
  32. ^ Liu, L.; Li, Y.; Liu, S.; Zheng, Z.; Chen, X.; Zhang, H. (2009). "Chloropestolide A, an antitumor metabolite with an unprecedented spiroketal skeleton from Pestalotiopsis fici". Organic Letters. 11 (13): 2836–2839. doi:10.1021/ol901039m. PMID 19496604.
  33. ^ Wang, X.; Zhang, X.; Liu, L.; Xiang, M.; Wang, W.; Sun, X.; Che, Y.; Guo, L.; Liu, G.; Guo, L.; Wang, C.; Yin, W.B.; Stadler, M.; Zhang, X.; Liu, X. (2015). "Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis fici reveals its lifestyle and high potential for synthesis of natural products". BMC Genomics. 16 (1): 28. doi:10.1186/s12864-014-1190-9. PMC 4320822. PMID 25623211.
  34. ^ "Sporocadaceae". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
  35. ^ Bonthond, G.; Sandoval-Denis, M.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Crous, P.W. (2018). "Seiridium (Sporocadaceae): an important genus of plant pathogenic fungi". Persoonia. 40: 96–118. doi:10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.04. PMC 6146642. PMID 30504997.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporocadaceae