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This is a list of British Army officers who received sovereign's awards for their services during the Napoleonic Wars, comprising the period 1803 to 1815 and ranging in awards from knight bachelors to peerages. This list includes officers of the Royal Marines who were at the time seconded to the British Army, and foreign officers serving in the British Army who received honorary awards.
Introduction
Initially during the Napoleonic Wars, awards were rare for those who had distinguished themselves in service, leaving many without tangible symbols of their success. These awards were overwhelmingly presented to senior officers rather than to other ranks and subalterns, for whom the prevailing opinion was that doing their duty was a reward of itself.[1] Decorations for other ranks were only introduced in 1854 with the Distinguished Conduct Medal.[2]
The lack of official awards caused great resentment among the British, as in comparison the French liberally awarded the Legion of Honour.[2] Some regiments created their own awards to fill this gap, such as embroidered colours for personal deeds and badges for the survivors of forlorn hopes.[3] In 1815 the Order of the Bath was reorganised to combat this lack of appropriate rewards, adding several new classes to it and allowing more officers, including those of field rank, to receive rewards for their services. Over 500 soldiers would go on to receive awards as part of this expanded system. The highest honour, a peerage, was awarded sixteen times to twelve individuals, of which Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, received four increasing from a viscountcy to a dukedom.[1][4]
Not covered in this list are campaign medals awarded during the Napoleonic Wars, which often did include the lower ranks in awards. These included the Waterloo Medal and later the Military General Service Medal, as well as officer-specific medals such as the Army Gold Cross and Army Gold Medal.[5] Also not covered is the Royal Guelphic Order which, while presented to British Army officers by the Prince Regent, was actually a Hanoverian order rather than a British one.[6]
| Posthumous award | |
| Royal Marines officer | |
| Honorary award |
Peerages
A peerage was traditionally the most prestigious award an officer might receive, providing them with a hereditary title of nobility. British Army officers received peerages for both outstanding military and political services in this period; those who already held a peerage would be elevated in it. The most peerages were awarded in 1814 to general officers who had served in the Peninsular War as commanders of independent units or formations larger than a division.[7][8]
Baronetcies
A baronetcy is a hereditary knighthood; it is not a title of nobility and as such officers awarded baronetcies remained commoners. In precedence these titles ranked immediately below baronies, the lowest rank of the peerage. Many more officers who had served in the Napoleonic Wars were created baronets later in their careers, years after the wars had ended.[1]
| Rank | Name | Date | Reason | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Major-General | John Doyle | 29 October 1805 | For services | [7] |
| Major-General | Sir Charles Green | 5 December 1805 | For services and capture of Suriname | |
| Major-General | George Prevost | 6 December 1805 | Defence of Dominica | |
| Lieutenant-General | Charles Hastings | 25 February 1806 | ||
| Lieutenant-General | George Nugent | 11 November 1806 | For services | |
| Lieutenant-General | Harry Burrard | 3 November 1807 | For services Copenhagen Expedition | |
| Major-General | Thomas Blomefield | 14 November 1807 | For services Copenhagen Expedition and Royal Artillery | |
| George Pigott | 3 October 1808 | |||
| Lieutenant-General | Sir David Baird | 13 April 1809 | For services India, Egypt, Cape Colony, Peninsula | |
| Lieutenant-General | William Payne | 8 December 1812 | Commander of Cavalry in Peninsula | |
| Lieutenant-Colonel | Sir Richard Fletcher | 14 December 1812 | Commander of Royal Engineers in Peninsula | |
| Major-General | Roger Sheaffe | 16 January 1813 | Commander Upper Canada | |
| Lieutenant-General | Hildebrand Oakes | 2 November 1813 | For services | |
| Lieutenant-General | Thomas Hislop | 2 November 1813 | For services | |
| General | George Hewett | 6 November 1813 | For services and Commander-in-Chief, India | |
| Major-General | Sir John Hamilton | 21 December 1814 | Division commander in Peninsula | |
| Lieutenant-Colonel | Howard Elphinstone | 3 April 1815 | Commander of Royal Engineers in Peninsula | |
| General | Sir Hew Dalrymple | 6 May 1815 | For services in Peninsula and Gibraltar | |
| Lieutenant-General | Sir Alexander Campbell | 6 May 1815 | Division commander in Peninsula |
Order of the Bath
The Order of the Bath was an order of chivalry available to British Army officers. Prior to 1815 the order only had one grade, Knight of the Bath, which was presented in the post-nominals KB, and was awarded not for meritorious achievement but for men of high social and economic status.[10] This antiquated order was expanded into military and civil divisions with three classes, so that more people could be included in the order and rewarded for their services.[11] Those officers who already held a KB received the highest class of the new order, becoming a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath. This class and the next, Knight Commander, styled the awardee as a knight, while the lowest class, Knight Companion, did not.[10]
Awards for the new Order of the Bath took into account both distinguished service and bravery, and were less constrained to ranks as previous awards had been. The first class was limited to those officers of major-general or above, with soldiers as low as lieutenant-colonel being made Knights Commander. Colonels were more likely to be made Knights Companion, which award became the standard for service in the field.[6][12] Membership of the first two classes of the order was limited, with seventy-two men being allowed the first, and 180 the second. Ten extra spaces were added to the second class for the addition of foreign officers who nonetheless held British commissions, notably those of the King's German Legion.[13]
Awards of the Order of the Bath had not been finalised when the Hundred Days campaign was fought, and so officers who had distinguished themselves at the battles of Quatre Bras and Waterloo were also included when the lists were eventually released. Those officers rewarded for their services in earlier campaigns, such as the Peninsular War, had their awards dated 2 January, while those for the latter campaign were dated 22 June.[10]
Knight Grand Cross
Knight Commander
Companion
320 men were created Companions of the Order of the Bath between 4 June and 8 December 1815. 73 of these were colonels, with 215 lieutenant-colonels receiving awards alongside 32 majors. Three of the majors were Royal Marines.[19]
Knights bachelor
Knight bachelor was the lowest rank of knighthood available, not being hereditary or part of any order. Most commonly, British Army officers who were made knights bachelor had already received foreign knighthoods for their services, such as the Portuguese Military Order of the Tower and Sword, which by itself would not allow awardees to style themselves as knights. Officers were also made knights bachelor if they stood as proxy in the installation ceremony for another officer's knighthood, most commonly for the Order of the Bath.[20]
Citations
- ^ a b c Burnham & McGuigan (2010), p. 235.
- ^ a b Holmes (2001), p. 408.
- ^ Holmes (2001), p. 409.
- ^ Risk (1972), p. 32.
- ^ Burnham & McGuigan (2010), p. 255.
- ^ a b Holmes (2001), p. 407.
- ^ a b Burnham & McGuigan (2010), p. 236.
- ^ Pumphrey (1959), pp. 3–4.
- ^ Burnham & McGuigan (2010), p. 237.
- ^ a b c d Burnham & McGuigan (2010), p. 241.
- ^ Burnham & McGuigan (2010), pp. 234, 241.
- ^ Risk (1972), p. 33.
- ^ Risk (1972), pp. 33–34.
- ^ Burnham & McGuigan (2010), p. 242.
- ^ a b Burnham & McGuigan (2010), p. 243.
- ^ Burnham & McGuigan (2010), p. 244.
- ^ Burnham & McGuigan (2010), p. 245.
- ^ Burnham & McGuigan (2010), p. 246.
- ^ Burnham & McGuigan (2010), pp. 246–254.
- ^ a b Burnham & McGuigan (2010), p. 239.
- ^ Burnham & McGuigan (2010), p. 240.
References
- Burnham, Robert; McGuigan, Ron (2010). The British Army against Napoleon. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-84832-562-3.
- Holmes, Richard (2001). Redcoat. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-257097-1.
- Pumphrey, Ralph E. (October 1959). "The Introduction of Industrialists into the British Peerage: A Study in Adaptation of a Social Institution". The American Historical Review. 64 (1): 1–16. doi:10.2307/1846598. JSTOR 1846598.
- Risk, James. C. (1972). The History of The Order of the Bath. London: Spink & Son. OCLC 571736.