Great Northern Railway or Great Northern Railroad may refer to:
Australia
- Great Northern Railway (Queensland) in Australia
- Great Northern Rail Services in Victoria, Australia
- Central Australia Railway was known as the great Northern Railway in the 1890s in South Australia
- Main North railway line, New South Wales (Australia)
Canada
Ireland
New Zealand
- Kingston Branch (New Zealand) in Southland
- Main North Line, New Zealand and Waiau Branch in Canterbury
United Kingdom
- Great Northern Railway (Great Britain)
- Thameslink and Great Northern, a former operator of trains on this route, now merged with Govia Thameslink Railway (GTR)
- West Anglia Great Northern, a former operator of trains on this route
- Great Northern route, a brand of GTR
United States
- Beaumont and Great Northern Railroad, predecessor of the Waco, Beaumont, Trinity and Sabine Railway, a defunct Texas shortline
- Great Northern Railway (U.S.), part of the BNSF Railway system
- Houston and Great Northern Railroad in Texas, a predecessor of the International – Great Northern Railroad
- International – Great Northern Railroad in Texas, part of the Union Pacific Railroad
- New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern in Louisiana and Mississippi, part of the Canadian National Railway (freight transport) and Amtrak (passenger service) systems
- Paris and Great Northern Railroad in Texas, merged into the St. Louis–San Francisco Railway, now part of the Kiamichi Railroad
- Wisconsin Great Northern Railroad, operating in Wisconsin since 1997