Martin Tabert (1899 – February 2, 1922) was an American forced laborer. The circumstances of Tabert's death – being a white man beaten to death by an overseer – caused a public reaction that resulted eventually in the end of Florida’s longstanding convict leasing system. Convict leasing was one of the forms of legalized involuntary servitude common in the American South from the 1880s through the 1940s. Pursuant to Section 1 of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, slavery or involuntary servitude remains lawful as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted."[1]
Tabert was a 22-year-old man from Munich, North Dakota, who was arrested in December 1921 as part of a police mass-arrest sweep, on a charge of vagrancy, for being on a train without a ticket in Tallahassee, Florida. Tabert was convicted and fined $25 (equivalent to about a week's wages).[2][3] Although his parents sent $50 to pay the fine, plus $25 more so Tabert could afford transportation back home to North Dakota,[4] their money disappeared in the Leon County prison system, where Sheriff James Robert Jones earned $20 for each prisoner he leased out as cheap labor to local businesses. The sheriff sent Tabert to work at the Putnam Lumber Company[5][6] in Clara, Florida, approximately 60 miles (97 km) south of Tallahassee in Dixie County.[3]
In January 1922, Tabert was whipped with a leather strap by supervisor (also known as a "whipping boss") Thomas Walter Higginbotham.[7] It was alleged that Tabert was whipped approximately 150 times: 30-50 times initially, knocking him to the ground; at least another 30 times more, when he was ordered to get up but did not (or could not); and further as the overseer chased Tabert through the work camp. Tabert ultimately made it back to his bed, where he died of his injuries just hours later.[8] Higginbotham was later convicted of second degree murder for killing Tabert and sentenced to 20 years in prison.[9] Coverage of Tabert's killing by the newspaper New York World earned it the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service. Florida governor Cary A. Hardee ended Florida's system of convict leasing in 1923, in part due to public revulsion resulting from the widespread publicity concerning the conviction of Higginbotham and concern about the effect of the publicity on the state's tourist trade.[10]
The whip used on Tabert was of a type known as a "Black Aunty", a leather whip measuring 5.5 feet (1.7 m) in length and weighing 7.5 pounds (3.4 kg).[11][12][6] Marjory Stoneman Douglas wrote a poem about the killing.[13]
References
- ^ U.S. Const. Amend. XIII, s. 1.
- ^ "Wages and Hours of Labor". Monthly Labor Review. 28 (5): 179–197. 1929. JSTOR 41813601 – via JSTOR.
- ^ a b Staff (2013). "Timeline: 1921". Florida Department of Corrections. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
- ^ "Martin Tabert letter". State Historical Society of North Dakota. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
- ^ "On this day in Florida history - May 8, 1923 - Killings of work camp prisoners detailed in hearing". Florida History Network - Your one-stop source for celebrating and preserving Florida's past, today.
- ^ a b Florida's Past Volume 3 Gene M. Burnett, Pineapple Press, Sarasota, FL (1988) p. 122-25
- ^ "Whipping Boss will Go Free", Associated Press, Jul 17, 1925, quoted in Miami News, from news.google.com
- ^ "Slavery by Another Name". PBS.org. PBS. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
- ^ "Chico Record 8 July 1923 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
- ^ "Florida History: The man who was killed over a train ticket". Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- ^ Feb 7th 2016, Curtis Eriksmoen (7 February 2016). "Did You Know That: Train ride, fine leads to death of ND's Martin Tabert". INFORUM.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Miller, Vivien E. (2003). "The Icelandic Man Cometh: North Dakota State Attorney Gudmunder Grimson and a Reassessment of the Martin Tabert Case". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 81 (3): 279–315. JSTOR 30150671 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Richard Godden; Martin Crawford (2006). Reading Southern Poverty Between the Wars, 1918-1939. University of Georgia Press. pp. 97–99. ISBN 978-0-8203-2708-2.