Socorro Sánchez del Rosario (15 August 1830 – 26 March 1899) was a Dominican educator and journalist. She was the first feminist journalist of the country. She also founded the first secular coeducational school in the Dominican Republic, as well as the first women's library, first women's normal school and first women's pharmacy training courses. There are several schools in the country which have been named after her.
Early life
María del Socorro Sánchez del Rosario was born on 15 August 1830 on the island of Hispaniola, in Santo Domingo, which at the time was part of the Republic of Haiti, to María Olaya del Rosario de Belén and Narciso Sánchez Ramona.[1] Her father descended of slaves and her mother was a free woman of color, descended of European and African ancestors.[2] Her father's sister María Trinidad Sánchez, was executed for her participation as a freedom fighter in the Dominican War of Independence.[3] Her mother was a hairdresser and made combs, while her father worked in the meat trade, selling, butchering and raising cattle.[2][4] Sánchez was one of eleven siblings: Francisco (1817–1861);[Notes 1] Tomás (1819–1878), Eugenio (1822–1889); Manuel de Jesús (1823–?); María de la Cruz (1824–?); Juan Francisco (1826–1845); Jacinto (1827–1900); Pablo Marcial (1829–?); Ana (1832–?); and Idelfonso (1834–1897).[3] Francisco is recognized as one of the co-founding fathers of the Dominican Republic.[2]
Career
Sánchez was raised in a nationalist family which was critical of the Haitian regime which ruled the country from 1822 to 1844 and the Spanish annexation of the country which lasted from 1861 to 1865. She was strongly influenced by her aunt Trinidad and her commitment to the independence of the Dominican Republic.[1] Another influence was Madame Roland a writer and leading figure of the French Revolution.[6] Sánchez began writing and publishing her views, both openly and using the pseudonym Rosa Cruz. As the first feminist journalist in the country, she publicly exposed the corruption of the authorities, and was described as behaving like a man for her outspokenness.[1] In addition to her nationalist position, Sánchez wrote articles advocating for women's education and employment.[7] She wrote for various newspapers, including El Dominicano, El Telégrafo, and El Telegrama, all major publications in the country.[1]
After her brother Francisco's execution for opposing President Pedro Santana's invitation for Spain to recolonize the country, Sánchez was exiled to St. Thomas at the time part of the Danish West Indies, but for which Spain had tendered an offer to acquire.[1][8] After her return in 1863 to Santo Domingo, she spent a year in jail for expressing her anti-government sentiments. Among the issues deemed objectionable by the authorities were her statements advocating for Dominican sovereignty, free speech, and women's education.[1]
Sánchez began her career as a teacher, providing instruction in Cibao and Santo Domingo.[9] By 1870, Sánchez was living in Santiago de los Caballeros and that year established the first co-educational and secular school, Colegio Sagrado Corazón de María (Sacred Heart of Maria College), in the country.[1][6] Her students, from the upper-class of the city, paid tuition, but she waived the fees for those who were unable to pay.[1] Among the women who graduated from this school were Eugenia Dechamps, Matilde Grullón, Rita Infante, Clementina Jiménez, Altagracia Perelló, and Justina Perelló.[6] A member of the 27 February Women's Club, she took active part in literary salons and established the first women's library in the country located at 50 Calle Sol, in 1876, in Santiago.[1]
Moving back to the capital, in 1881, Sánchez founded the Colegio La Altagracia (High Grace College) in Santo Domingo, which would become the Escuela Superior de Señoritas (Superior School for Ladies) and graduated the first female secondary students in the country. The following year, she created a curricula for women to train as pharmacists at the school. The first licensed school teacher in the country Dolores Rodríguez de Objío (1883) and the first women pharmacists (1887) in the country graduated from this school.[1][10]
Death and legacy
Sánchez died on 26 March 1899 in Santo Domingo.[1][6] Her obituary published in Listín Diario was not flattering, calling her "manly" and adding that Sánchez was known for "su apostolado en la enseñanza pública, en la agitada intromisión de sus energías en la vida política del país y en el audaz empeño que puso siempre por distinguirse entre sus conciudadanos" [her ministry in public education, in the agitated meddling of her energies in the political life of the country, and in the bold effort she always put into distinguishing herself from her fellow citizens].[6] She was initially buried in the Capilla de los Inmortales (Chapel of the Immortals) in the Basilica Cathedral of Santa María la Menor, but her remains were relocated in 1974 to the Panteón Nacional (National Pantheon).[9]
A street in the Gascue neighborhood of Santo Domingo that was named in her honor had been renamed by the 1920s.[6] In 2002, the Escuela Básica Socorro Sánchez (Socorro Sánchez Primary School) began operating in a rented facility in Los Alcarrizos. In 2016, a new facility for the institution was opened.[11] In 2015, a school with the same name was established in Villa Altagracia.[12]
Notes
References
Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Candelario 2016.
- ^ a b c Amador & Hidalgo 2016.
- ^ a b c González Hernández 2017.
- ^ a b Civil Registry 1836.
- ^ Rodríguez Demorizi 1976, p. 9.
- ^ a b c d e f Diario Dominicano 2016.
- ^ Tineo 2019.
- ^ Dookhan 1994, p. 249.
- ^ a b Ventura 2020.
- ^ Ferreras 1976, p. 82.
- ^ Diario Libre 2016.
- ^ Listín Diario 2015.
Bibliography
- Amador, Luis; Hidalgo, Dennis R. (2016). "Sánchez, Francisco del Rosario (1817–1861), political and military leader". In Knight, Franklin W.; Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (eds.). Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro–Latin American Biography. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-199-93580-2. – via Oxford University Press's Reference Online (subscription required)
- Candelario, Ginetta E. B. (2016). "Sánchez, María del Socorro del Rosario (1830–1899)". In Knight, Franklin W.; Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (eds.). Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro–Latin American Biography. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-199-93580-2. – via Oxford University Press's Reference Online (subscription required)
- Dookhan, Isaac (1994). A History of the Virgin Islands of the United States. Kingston, Jamaica: Canoe Press. ISBN 978-976-8125-05-7.
- Ferreras, Ramón Alberto (1976). Historia del feminismo en la Republica Dominicana: su origen y proyección social [History of Feminism in the Dominican Republic: Its Origin and Social Projection] (in Spanish). Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: Editora Cosmos. OCLC 123174029.
- González Hernández, Julio (11 March 2017). "Cápsulas genealógicas. Sánchez genealógico" [Genealogical Capsules: Sánchez Genealogy]. Hoy (in Spanish). Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
- Peña, Ángela (5 July 2009). "Calles y avenidas. Maestra Dolores Rodríguez Objío" [Streets and Avenues: Teacher Dolores Rodríguez Objío]. Hoy (in Spanish). Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
- Rodríguez Demorizi, Emilio (1976). Acerca de Francisco del R. Sánchez [About Francisco del R. Sánchez] (in Spanish). Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: Editora Taller. OCLC 1025652086.
Francisco del Rosario Sánchez, hijo de Narciso Sánchez y de Olaya del Rosario, "parda libre". Legitimado por matrimonio posterior, en 1819 [Francisco del Rosario Sánchez was born, son of Narciso Sánchez and Olaya del Rosario, free parda. Legitimated by subsequent marriage, in 1819.]
- Tineo, Héctor (2019). "Nace Socorro Sánchez" [Birth of Socorro Sánchez]. Vanguardia del Pueblo (in Spanish). Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
- Ventura, Juan (20 September 2020). "Personajes exaltados al Panteón Nacional: Socorro Sánchez del Rosario (18)" [People Exalted to the National Pantheon: Socorro Sánchez del Rosario (18)]. Acento (in Spanish). Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
- "Medina entrega escuela básica en Villa Altagracia" [Medina Delivers Elementary School in Villa Altagracia]. Listín Diario (in Spanish). Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. 13 November 2015. Archived from the original on 19 December 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
- "Muere Socorro del Rosario Sánchez" [Socorro del Rosario Sánchez [sic] Dies]. Diario Dominicano (in Spanish). Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. 26 March 2016. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
- "Nacimientos 1810–1847: Francisco del Rosario" [Births 1810–1847: Francisco del Rosario]. FamilySearch (in Spanish). Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: Archivo General de la Nación. 18 October 1836. certificate #336, microfilm #1410985. Retrieved 22 September 2020. – via FamilySearch (subscription required)
- "Presidente Medina inaugura escuela de 29 aulas en Los Alcarrizos a un costo de RD$74.8 millones" [President Medina Inaugurates a School with 29 Classrooms in Los Alcarrizos at a Cost of RD$ 74.8 Million]. Diario Libre (in Spanish). Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. 12 January 2016. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2020.