The Grand River (Lakota: Čhaŋšúška Wakpá[4]) is a tributary of the Missouri River in South Dakota in the United States. The length of the combined branch is 110 mi (177 km). With its longest fork, its length is approximately 200 mi (320 km).
Variant names
According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been known historically as:[1]
- Creek of the Rees
- Marapa River
- Palanat Palanata Wakpa Ree
- Ree River
- Riviere au Corn
- We tar hoo River
Course
It is formed by the confluence of the North Fork (which rises in North Dakota) and the longer South Fork (which rises in South Dakota and passes through the town of Buffalo) in northwestern South Dakota near Shadehill in Perkins County, near several parcels of the Grand River National Grassland.[5] Shadehill Reservoir is located at this confluence.[6] It flows east, through the Standing Rock Indian Reservation and joins the Missouri in Lake Oahe, approximately 2 mi (3 km) northwest of Mobridge. The lower 15 mi (24 km) of the river form an arm of the Lake Oahe reservoir. It is the northernmost of South Dakota's major West River streams: the Grand, Moreau, Cheyenne, Bad, and White. Draining about 5,200 square miles (13,000 km2) of the northern plateaus of the state, the Grand receives most of its water from snowmelt. Water quality is high in sodium, and is therefore less appropriate for irrigation.[6] At Wakpala, the river has a mean annual discharge of 275 cubic feet per second (8 m3/s)[7]
History
In 1823, Henry Leavenworth fought the Arikara a few miles north of the mouth of the Grand River during the Arikara War.
Sitting Bull (1831–1890), a Hunkpapa Lakota holy man who led his people as a tribal chief, was born on the Grand River in or nearby Dakota Territory.[8] Decades later, he was killed by Indian agency police on the Standing Rock Indian Agency at his camp near the Grand River, as the police tried to arrest him.
The forks of the Grand was the site of a noted 1823 attack by a grizzly bear on frontiersman Hugh Glass, the inspiration for the 2015 film The Revenant.
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e "Geographic Names Information System". edits.nationalmap.gov. US Geological Survey. Retrieved January 15, 2023.
- ^ "ArcGIS Web Application". epa.maps.arcgis.com. US EPA. Retrieved January 15, 2023.
- ^ a b "Watershed Report | Office of Water | US EPA". watersgeo.epa.gov. US EPA. Retrieved January 15, 2023.
- ^ Ullrich, Jan, ed. (2011). New Lakota Dictionary (2nd ed.). Bloomington, IN: Lakota Language Consortium. p. 955. ISBN 978-0-9761082-9-0. LCCN 2008922508.
- ^ Map of the Grand River National Grassland
- ^ a b Hogan, Edward Patrick; Fouberg, Erin Hogan (2001). The Geography of South Dakota (Third ed.). Sioux Falls, SD: The Center for Western Studies – Augustana College. ISBN 0-931170-79-6.
- ^ "USGS Surface Water data for South Dakota: USGS Surface-Water Annual Statistics".
- ^ "PBS: The West: Sitting Bull". PBS.
- Grand River and certain tributaries' uses at SD Legislative Research Council
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