The Gemeinnützige Krankentransport GmbH (German: [ɡəˈmaɪnˌnʏtsɪɡə ˈkʁankŋ̍ˌtʁanspɔʁt ɡeːʔɛmbeːˈhaː] ⓘ; known as "Gekrat" or "GeKraT", commonly translated as "Charitable Ambulance") was a subdivision of the Action T4 organization. The euphemistically named company transported sick and disabled people to the Nazi killing centers to be murdered under the Nazi eugenics program and was known for the gray buses it used. The many victims were murdered in sealed gas chambers with carbon monoxide gas supplied in metal gas cylinders, and fed through false spray heads appearing to be shower heads. The programme Aktion T4 was managed by Viktor Brack, who was tried for his crimes at Nuremberg, and executed as a result. The operation was ordered by Adolf Hitler in early September 1939, and organized by Philip Bouhler and Karl Brandt of the Reich Chancellery.
Background
Gekrat was created to transport the victims to the Nazi killing centers at Grafeneck Castle, Brandenburg, Schloss Hartheim, Schloss Sonnenstein, Bernburg and Hadamar Euthanasia Centre. It also handled some administrative tasks. When family members wrote to hospitals where their loved ones had been sent, that mail was forwarded to Gekrat, which did not answer inquiries but allowed institutions to provide limited information in reply. The information was provided only as a means for the Nazis to continue receiving payment for room and board.[1] Reinhold Vorberg headed the central office for transportation. Hermann Schwenninger was registered as the chief executive.[2]
After 1941, Gekrat also handled transportation for the Action 14f13 program, which eliminated sick prisoners and those no longer able to work from Nazi concentration camps by bringing them to the killing centers, where they were sent to the gas chambers and killed.[3]
After 1945
Vorberg fled to Spain in 1961 but was extradited back to Germany in March 1963. After a trial lasting 20 months, he was sentenced to 10 years in prison for complicity in the murder of many thousands of people.[4][5]
There is a monument to those killed by Action T4 and Action 14f13 in Stuttgart. Designed in the shape of one of the old buses, one monument is stationary, and the other one is moved to different locations where people were killed in the T4 program.[6]
See also
Notes
- ^ Henry Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution The University of North Carolina Press (1995) ISBN 978-0-8078-2208-1. Retrieved May 22, 2010
- ^ Ernst Klee, Was sie taten - Was sie wurden. Ärzte, Juristen und andere Beteiligte am Kranken- oder Judenmord. Frankfurt am Main (1986) ISBN 3-596-24364-5, p. 66 (in German)
- ^ Christopher R. Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 - March 1942, with contributions by Jürgen Matthäus. University of Nebraska Press (2007) pp. 191–192. ISBN 978-0-8032-5979-9 Retrieved May 23, 2010
- ^ Hanns Neuerbourg, Spokane Daily Chronicle (Dec. 5, 1963) p. 20. Retrieved May 23, 2010
- ^ "Tageseinträge für 20. Dezember 1968" German timeline website, entry for December 20, 1968. Retrieved May 23, 2010 (in German)
- ^ "Das Denkmal der grauen Busse © Monument of the Grey Buses (Ravensburg 2006) (Berlin 2008)" Retrieved May 23, 2010
References
- Ernst Klee, "Euthanasie" im NS-Staat, 11th edition. Fischer-Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main (2004) ISBN 3-596-24326-2 (in German)
- Thomas Vormbaum (Editor), "Euthanasie" vor Gericht. Die Anklageschrift des Generalstaatsanwalts beim OLG Frankfurt/M. gegen Dr. Werner Heyde u. a. vom 22. Mai 1962 Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin (2005) ISBN 3-8305-1047-0 (in German)