Battle of Locust Grove

The Kingdom of Hanover and the United States began relations with mutual recognition in 1830 but never formulated diplomatic ties. All ties came to an abrupt halt when Hanover was defeated during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and subsequently merged directly into the Kingdom of Prussia. From this point, Hanover had relations with the United States as a part of the Kingdom of Prussia.

History

When the United States announced its independence from Great Britain in 1776, Hanover was a sovereign, independent state. Previously an Electorate, the Kingdom of Hanover was re-established in 1814 after the Napoleonic Wars. At the time, the King of Hanover was George III of Britain. From 1814 until 1837 the King of Hanover was the same man as the King of Britain (George III, George IV, and William IV). As Hanover (and most of the German States) observed Salic law and Great Britain did not, the passing of King William in 1837 meant that the Hanovarian crown descended through the male bloodline to Ernest Augustus of Hanover, while the British crown went to Queen Victoria.^[1]

The first known act of mutual recognition between the Kingdom of Hanover and the United States occurred on January 8, 1830, when Secretary of State Martin Van Buren granted an exequatur to Theodore Meyer Esq. to serve as Consul for the Kingdom of Hanover in New York City. Despite the fact that the Kings of Hanover, acting as Kings of Britain, had recognized the United States in 1783 with the signing of the peace treaty that ended the war between Britain and the United States, the U.S. never officially established diplomatic relations with the Kingdom of Hanover.^[1]

On May 20, 1840, U.S. Minister to Prussia Henry Wheaton and Hanovarian Minister to Prussia Le Sieur Auguste de Berger negotiated and signed a Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between the United States and the Kingdom of Hanover, establishing the rules and regulations of trade and commerce between the two states.^[2]^[3]^[1]

On June 10, 1846, both countries signed another Treaty of Commerce and Navigation that settled in a more definitive manner the rules to be observed by the original Treaty of Commerce and Navigation of 1840. This treaty was terminated when Hanover was forced to merge into Prussia in 1866.^[4]^[1]

On January 18, 1855, U.S. Minister to Great Britain James Buchanan, and Hanovarian Minister to Britain Count Adolphus von Kielmansegge negotiated an Extradition Treaty between their two states. The treaty was signed in London and was terminated eleven years later when Hanover merged into Prussia after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866.^[5]^[1]

On November 6, 1861, the United States and the Kingdom of Hanover signed the Convention Abolishing Stade or Brunshausen Dues. The treaty was negotiated and signed by U.S. Minister to Prussia Norman B. Judd and Hanovarian Minister to Prussia Lt. Col. And Extrarodinary Aid-de-Camp August Wilhelm von Reitzenstein. It abolished the toll previously levied "on cargoes of American vessels ascending the Elbe, and passing the mouth of the river called Schwinge, designated under the name of the Stade or Brunshausen dues."^[6]^[1]

After Hanover was defeated in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 it was subsequently merged directly into Prussia. From this point, Hanover had relations with the United States as a part of the Kingdom of Prussia. Thus, all relations between Hanover and the United States ended and continued under the Prussian Kingdom.^[1]

References

This article incorporates public domain material from "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Hanover". U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Hanover". United States Department of State. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
^ States, United (1873). Treaties and Conventions Concluded Between the United States of America and Other Powers, Since July 4, 1776. U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
^ States, United (1910). Treaties, Conventions, International Acts, Protocols, and Agreements Between the United States of America and Other Powers. Greenwood Press. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
^ "Treaty with Hanover of Commerce and Navigation; June 10, 1846". The Avalon Project. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
^ States, United (1910). Treaties, Conventions, International Acts, Protocols, and Agreements Between the United States of America and Other Powers. Greenwood Press. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
^ States, United (1873). Treaties and Conventions Concluded Between the United States of America and Other Powers, Since July 4, 1776. U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved November 8, 2022.

[State_Department-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Hanover". United States Department of State. Retrieved January 14, 2022.

[2] States, United (1873). Treaties and Conventions Concluded Between the United States of America and Other Powers, Since July 4, 1776. U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved November 8, 2022.

[3] States, United (1910). Treaties, Conventions, International Acts, Protocols, and Agreements Between the United States of America and Other Powers. Greenwood Press. Retrieved November 10, 2022.

[4] "Treaty with Hanover of Commerce and Navigation; June 10, 1846". The Avalon Project. Retrieved November 7, 2022.

[5] States, United (1910). Treaties, Conventions, International Acts, Protocols, and Agreements Between the United States of America and Other Powers. Greenwood Press. Retrieved November 10, 2022.

[6] States, United (1873). Treaties and Conventions Concluded Between the United States of America and Other Powers, Since July 4, 1776. U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved November 8, 2022.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

Germany–United States relations
Diplomatic posts	Embassy of Germany, Washington, D.C. Ambassadors of Germany to the United States Embassy of the United States, Berlin Ambassadors of the United States to Germany Consular Agency of the United States, Bremen Consulate General of the United States, Hamburg Consulate General of the United States, Frankfurt Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs
Diplomacy	Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Relations between Germany and the United States of America Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Guadeloupe Conference Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
Conflicts	Samoan crisis Samoan Civil War Second Samoan Civil War Tripartite Convention Treaty of Berlin (1889) World War I United States declaration of war on Germany (1917) Zimmermann Telegram War Plan Black Treaty of Versailles World War II German declaration of war against the United States United States declaration of war on Germany (1941) German prisoners of war in the United States Internment of German Americans Executive Order 9066 Nazism in the Americas Duquesne Spy Ring Operation Pastorius Don't Be a Sucker Here Is Germany Your Job in Germany Four Ds Morgenthau Plan The President's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria Allied-occupied Germany German Marshall Fund
Incidents	Bowers v. Kerbaugh-Empire Co. 1960 Munich C-131 crash Berlin Crisis of 1961 1961 F-84 Thunderstreak incident 1964 T-39 shootdown incident Chicken tax Zschernig v. Miller Operation Rubicon (Crypto AG) Bitburg controversy West Berlin discotheque bombing 1991 United States embassy sniper attack in Bonn LaGrand case Price v. United States Zadvydas v. Davis Operation Eikonal 2011 Frankfurt Airport shooting
U.S. relations with former German states	East Germany–United States relations Ambassadors of East Germany to the United States Ambassadors of the United States to East Germany United States–West Germany relations Prussia–United States relations Treaty of Amity and Commerce (Prussia–United States) Prussia and the American Civil War Grand Duchy of Baden–United States relations Kingdom of Bavaria–United States relations Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg–United States relations Kingdom of Hanover–United States relations German Empire–United States relations Hanseatic Republics–United States relations Grand Duchy of Hesse–United States relations Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin–United States relations Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz–United States relations Duchy of Nassau–United States relations North German Confederation–United States relations Grand Duchy of Oldenburg–United States relations Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe–United States relations Kingdom of Württemberg–United States relations
Related	Anti-American sentiment in Germany Germans in the American Revolution German interest in the Caribbean Helios (spacecraft) Ich bin ein Berliner Tear down this wall! Freedom Bell STS-61-A TAT-10 Amerika Haus Amerika Haus Berlin Atlantic Initiative Atlantik-Brücke Bacatec Cultural Vistas Congress-Bundestag Youth Exchange Federation of German-American Clubs German-American Friendship Garden German American Partnership Program German Historical Institute Washington DC German Scholars Boston IG Farben Building Robert Bosch Foundation Fellowship Program Rundfunk im amerikanischen Sektor
Category:Germany–United States relations

United Kingdom–United States relations
Diplomatic posts	Embassy of the United Kingdom, Washington, D.C. Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the United States British Ambassador's residence Embassy of the United States, London Macdonald House, London Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom Winfield House British Consulate-General, Boston Consulate of the United States, Liverpool Northern Ireland Bureau United States Special Envoy for Northern Ireland Texas Legation Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs
Diplomacy	Treaty of Paris (1783) Jay Treaty Monroe–Pinkney Treaty Treaty of Ghent Rush–Bagot Treaty Treaty of 1818 Webster–Ashburton Treaty Oregon Treaty Clayton–Bulwer Treaty Lyons–Seward Treaty of 1862 Shanghai International Settlement Treaty of Washington (1871) Halifax Fisheries Commission Treaty of Berlin (1889) Bering Sea Arbitration Great Rapprochement Olney–Pauncefote Treaty Tripartite Convention Hay–Pauncefote Treaty Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 Anglo-French Financial Commission Migratory Bird Treaty Balfour Mission Conference of Ambassadors Washington Naval Conference Four-Power Treaty Washington Naval Treaty Convention Between the United States and Great Britain (1930) Destroyers-for-bases deal U.S.–British Staff Conference (ABC–1) Lend-Lease Atlantic Charter Arcadia Conference Second Washington Conference Bermuda Conference Washington Conference (1943) First Quebec Conference Quebec Agreement Moscow Declarations Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement Second Quebec Conference Malta Conference (1945) Moscow Conference (1945) Bermuda Agreement Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry Anglo-American loan US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement United Nations Security Council Resolution 135 Nassau Agreement Polaris Sales Agreement Bermuda II Agreement Guadeloupe Conference 1993 United Kingdom–United States Maritime Boundary Treaties UK–US extradition treaty of 2003 Extradition Act 2003 Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel RMS Titanic Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action New Atlantic Charter British-American Parliamentary Group Friends of Wales Caucus
Conflicts	American Revolution United States Declaration of Independence American Revolutionary War War of 1812 Origins Chesapeake–Leopard affair United States declaration of war upon the United Kingdom Aroostook War Pig War (1859)
Incidents	Embargo Act of 1807 Arbuthnot and Ambrister incident Caroline affair Oregon boundary dispute Hermosa Creole case Paulet affair Mosquito Coast Bombardment of Greytown Passenger Cases Trent Affair Chesapeake Affair Ellen Southard Alabama Claims Murchison letter Venezuelan crisis of 1895 Alaska boundary dispute Hindu–German Conspiracy Impact Pan Am Flight 103 Scottish Court in the Netherlands Trial JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd. British Guantanamo Bay detainees Dixie Chicks controversy 190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident Detention of U.S. and UK diplomats in Zimbabwe Release of Abdelbaset al-Megrahi Julian Assange Death of Linda Norgrove FTC v. Balls of Kryptonite The United States of America v Nolan Steele dossier Christopher Steele Trump Tower wiretapping allegations Death of Harry Dunn
Military relations	2024 missile strikes in Yemen AUKUS British Defence Staff – US CIA activities in the United Kingdom Diego Garcia Expulsion of the Chagossians Five Eyes ECHELON UKUSA Agreement International Maritime Security Construct Iraq War Bush–Blair 2003 Iraq memo Montreal Laboratory Operation Sky Shield Operation Vigilant Warrior Project E Project Emily RAF Ascension Island RNAD Coulport Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Strategic Air Command in the United Kingdom Tizard Mission Trident RNAD Coulport United States Naval Facility, Barbados War Plan Red World War I Supreme War Council World War II European theatre Diplomatic history of World War II United Kingdom–United States relations in World War II Allied technological cooperation during World War II Arnold Scheme British Security Co-ordination Alexander Halpern British contribution to the Manhattan Project British hydrogen bomb programme British nuclear testing in the United States British Purchasing Commission Combined Food Board Combined Munitions Assignments Board Combined Production and Resources Board Combined Raw Materials Board Combined Shipping Adjustment Board Eagle Squadrons Europe first Four-Power Authorities Four Power Naval Commission Operation Bolero Tripartite Naval Commission
Related	Special Relationship Resolute desk United Kingdom and the American Civil War Cotton diplomacy United States v England (1950 FIFA World Cup) American studies in the United Kingdom Bermuda–United States relations Cayman Islands–United States relations British Invasion Second British Invasion Fountain of Time The Ghost Shirt North Atlantic triangle USA House American Ambulance Great Britain The Atlantic Bridge British-American Project British International School of Boston British War Relief Society Cambridge–MIT Institute Friends of Ireland (U.S. Congress) Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission Marshall Scholarship Mont Tremblant Conference Royal Oak Foundation UK Fulbright Commission AC-2 Apollo (cable system) PTAT-1 TAT-3 TAT-7 TAT-8 TAT-11 TAT-12/13 TGN Atlantic Ariel programme Ariel 1 Ariel 2 Yo, Blair Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden Kingdom of Hanover–United States relations 18th-century American piracy of British literature Albion's Seed The Evil Empire: 101 Ways That England Ruined the World Drunk Enough to Say I Love You? Letter from America President Trump – The Piers Morgan Interview
Category:United Kingdom–United States relations

History

See also

References