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Thelma Conroy-Rios was a Native American activist. She is perhaps best known for her involvement in the Wounded Knee incident and for her involvement in the murder of fellow American Indian Movement activist Anna Mae Aquash.

Personal life

Between 1974 and 1975, Thelma Conroy-Rios allowed a fellow male activist Harry Hill (who was known by his middle name, David) to live with her.[5] Conroy-Rios and Hill were said to be involved in a common law marriage.[6]

Although identified as a cop by ex-wife Thelma Conroy-Rios,[7] Hill's role as a law official is disputed.[8]

Conroy-Rios identified Hill as having provoked the Custer Courthouse Incident Riot that unfolded in 1973 following a one-day jail sentence of murderer Darld Schmitz, a White Air Force veteran in the murder of Wesley Bad Heart Bull.[9][10] According to Conroy-Rios, "He started it all, Dave. He provoked the riot. He was right there. He told me so, proudly, several times. He instigated that courtroom riot too. I was there. I saw him start it, punching a cop. At the time everybody thought it was great. He was a warrior. He was a hero and everybody trusted him, including me."[7] Conroy-Rios' account is corroborated by a separate account found in Peter Matthiessen's book In the Spirit of Crazy Horse.[11]

Conroy-Rios was an enrolled student at Black Hills State University, but had to drop out after her daughter was born with a rare blood disease in 1970.[12]

Legal history

Murder of Anna Mae Aquash

Anna Mae Aquash was a female activist within the ranks of the American Indian Movement.

On December 11, 1975, Aquash was forced out of the home of Denver AIM Troy Lynn S. Yellow Wood despite the latter's objection that something bad would happen to Aquash.[13] She was taken to an apartment in Rapid City, South Dakota owned by Russell Means' brother, and during interrogation, she was raped by John Graham.[14] Aquash was moved to two residences owned by Thelma Conroy-Rios.[15] Looking Cloud indicated that he heard Graham and Aquash having sex in the bedroom of a Rapid City apartment (whose ownership is attributed to Thelma Conroy-Rios and her mother,[16] which led to prosecutors alleging that Graham raped Aquash.[17] These allegations were reinforced by the 'strong acid phosphate' found in the vagina, which "constitutes evidence in support of the allegation that defendant John Graham raped the victim at Thelma Rios' apartment on or about December 10–11, 1975."[18] Graham acknowledged in a taped interview/interrogation that Looking Cloud waited outside of the room Aquash was imprisoned inside of.[19] Aquash was then forcefully moved to the Rosebud Indian Reservation where AIM supporters refuse to house her.[20] Nelson-Clarke was given orders to have Aquash eliminated.[21] Theda Nelson Clarke, another female AIM activist, received instructions to have Aquash "dealt with" from Rapid City, South Dakota American Indian Movement activist Thelma Conroy-Rios.[22]

Aquash's assassination allegedly was rooted in the mistaken belief that Aquash was a government informant.[23] Looking Cloud, along with Theda Nelson Clarke and John 'John Boy Patton' Graham, force Aquash into the back of a car and drive her to a remote part of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. Clarke drove from Denver, Colorado to the scene of the shooting on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in her red Pinto.[22][24] Aquash was shot execution style in the back of the head and left to die.[15] Her body was discovered on February 24, 1976[25] on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation at the bottom of a ravine located in close proximity to an isolated highway.[26] Aquash was revealed to have been executed using a gun, as the autopsy showed that the muzzle of the gun had been pressed into the back of her neck.[27] The coroner's report indicated that in addition to the fatal gunshot wound, exposure contributed to the death of Aquash.[28]

Court

Conroy-Rios was indicted on September 9, 2009 on one count of felony murder for kidnapping and one count of premeditated murder to Anna Mae Aquash, with a trial scheduled for November.[29] Rios agreed to a plea deal which allowed her to avoid going to trial on murder charges,[30] which resulted in her pleading guilty to acting as an accessory in the kidnapping of Aquash, and as a result, was sentenced to serve five years in prison.[31] Rios admitted that Aquash was kept at her home in Rapid City, South Dakota, then taken to the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation.[31] Judge Delaney of South Dakota suspended the five-year maximum sentence and instead ordered 90 days in jail, which Rios had served while waiting to be released on bond.[32] In a plea agreement, Rios indicated that she overheard two other people who wanted Aquash to be killed, but these names were redacted from court documents.[6] Prosecutors and defense attorneys requested that Conroy-Rios' plea agreement be sealed, which approved and carried out by the judge.[33]

Death

On Wednesday, February 9, 2011, Rios died at 4:30 P.M. DST Wednesday of complications from lung cancer in Rapid City, South Dakota at the Rapid City Regional Hospital.[33] Attorney Matt Kinney revealed that Rios had been diagnosed with lung cancer shortly after the negotiation of her plea agreement.[33]

Legacy

Before her death, Rios provided names of individuals outside of her accomplices who partook in the orchestration of the murder of Anna Mae Aquash. Although Conroy-Rios died before being able to share the information in its totality, Attorney General of South Dakota Marty Jackley has access to her sworn statement and indicated that case is not over.[34]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "~Thelma Rae Charging Bear Conroy Rios ~". Lakota Country Times. February 16, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
  2. ^ "Thelma Rae Conroy Rios". Tributes. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
  3. ^ "10/12/2011 - Theda R. Clarke". Chadrad. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  4. ^ "Annie Mae Timeline I - Wounded Knee". Indian Country News. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
  5. ^ "Madonna Gilbert Thunder Hawk". Oneida Eye. October 2, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
  6. ^ a b "And Then There Were Four: Thelma Rios Indicted for the Murder of Anna Mae Aquash". Heishort. September 11, 2009. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
  7. ^ a b Seals, David (January 10, 2004). "Interviews with Thelma Rio". Graham Defenses. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
  8. ^ "Thelma Said He was a Cop". Rezinate. March 18, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
  9. ^ Devine, Terry (February 12, 1972). "Death of Bad Heart Bull Sets Off Riot". The Observer-Reporter. p. A12. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
  10. ^ "Like a Hurricane The Indian Movement from Alcatraz to Wounded Knee ©". Dick Shovel. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
  11. ^ Matthiessen, Peter (March 1, 1992). In the Spirit of Crazy Horse. London, United Kingdom: Penguin Books. p. 62. ISBN 978-0140144567. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  12. ^ "Native Sun News: Thelma Rios denies role in 1973 Aquash murder". Indianz. September 10, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
  13. ^ Aquash Murder Case Timeline by Paul DeMain, jfamr.org
  14. ^ "Walking In Soft Moccasins. The Story of Anna Mae Aquash". Heishort. May 25, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
  15. ^ a b "Why Was Anna Mae Aquash Really Murdered?". Legend of Pine Ridge. July 28, 2008. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  16. ^ "Extradition challenged: Misidentification evidence placed before judge". Injustice Busters. February 2, 2005. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
  17. ^ Merchant, Nomaan (December 8, 2010). "Man testifies at US trial he saw AIM activist shot". Heishort. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
  18. ^ "Feds: Aquash was bound and raped before 1975 execution". Heishort. August 30, 2008. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
  19. ^ Merchant, Nomaan (March 2, 2004). "Man Indicted for Anna Mae's Murder Refuses to take Lie-Detector Test". Heishort. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
  20. ^ "Friday, December 12, 1975". JFAMR. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
  21. ^ "Open Letter to John Boy Patton". Dick Shovel. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  22. ^ a b Konigsberg, Eric (July 28, 2008). "Why Killed Anna Mae?". New York Times. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  23. ^ "Looking Cloud has sentence reduced in Aquash murder case". Indian Country News. October 9, 2011. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  24. ^ "Knowledge, Honesty & Courage vs. AIM & Greg Matson". Oneida Eye. October 4, 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  25. ^ "What is the Truth About the Murder of Anna Mae?". The Huffington Post. August 27, 2007. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  26. ^ "What is the Truth About the Murder of Anna Mae?". First Nation's Drums. December 26, 2000. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  27. ^ "NATIVE_NEWS: ANNA MAE: A Badlands trail of secrets and murder". Mail Archives. August 7, 1999. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  28. ^ Sparrow, CJ (June 22, 2013). "Who killed Anna Mae Aquash and who cares anyway?". Occupirate. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  29. ^ Broecher, Evelyn (September 27, 2010). "Native Times". Retrieved August 20, 2016.
  30. ^ "On September 10, 2009 the state of South Dakota indicted John Graham and Thelma Rios (Conroy-Hill on murder, rape and kidnapping charges. Thelma Rios pled guilty during November 2010 to the charge of kidnapping." Aquash/Peltier - NFIC Files/Articles Archived May 12, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, indiancountrynews.com
  31. ^ a b "Thelma Rios, who pleaded guilty for role in Aquash murder, dies". Indianz. February 11, 2011. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
  32. ^ "Native Sun News: Rios pleads guilty for role in 1975 Aquash case". Indianz. November 10, 2010. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
  33. ^ a b c Garrigan, Mary (February 11, 2011). "Rios, accessory in Aquash murder, dead at 65". Rapid City Journal. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
  34. ^ "Editorial: We need to be careful about who we choose as heroes". Indianz. June 19, 2015. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelma_Conroy-Rios