The Native American Committee (NAC) was an educational group in Chicago, Illinois, that created life-long learning programs and institutions for Native Americans. It was most notable for founding the Native American Educational Services College, the only institution of higher learning in an urban setting led by and serving Native Americans.[1]
History
In the mid twentieth century, the Native American population of Chicago grew as a results of the US government's Indian termination policy and Indian Relocation Act of 1956, which incentivized Native Americans to relocated to urban centers.[2] By 1969 Chicago was one of seven American cities with more than 10,000 Native American citizens.[3] In 1953, the Native American population founded the American Indian Center (AIC) of Chicago to provide social services and opportunities, youth and senior programs, and cultural and educational programs for the growing native population.[4]
In 1969, a group took shape within the AIC inspired by and to support the Occupation of Alcatraz, the two-year protest occupation of Alcatraz Island by Native Americans. Taking the name Native American Committee (NAC), the group wanted the AIC both to establish more institutional and expansive educational offerings and to use more confrontational, direct-action tactics.[5] Founding NAC members included Dennis Harper, Robert V. Dumont, Jr., William Whitehead, Nancy Dumont, Verdaine Farmilant, and Faith Smith, an assistant to long-time AIC director Robert Rietz.[6] In 1991, Faith Smith described the cultural divide that had formed within the AIC as herself and others wanting to re-focus AIC on "poverty and the problems of Indians on the streets," while many of the existing members continued to feel that “the center ought to be more of a middle-classy sort of thing, a social center or that sort of stuff."[7] NAC member Helen Whitehead (Ho-Chunk-Ojibwe) described NAC's goal for Native American students as starting “at the time they're very young and to build a positive self-image."[8]
Break-up
In 1970, NAC incorporated as an independent organization in Illinois, although many members continued also to work at or belong to the AIC.[9]
The same year, a Native American housing protest began near Chicago Cubs home stadium, Wrigley Field, when a Menominee woman, Carol Warrington, a mother of six, began a rent strike for repairs to her apartment. On May 5, 1970, her landlord evicted Warrington's family, and the NAC mounted a public protest. Borrowing a ceremonial teepee from the AIC, NAC activists took up residence next to the baseball stadium and successfully drew attention to Warrington's cause and to the poor living conditions for many Native American Chicagoans.[10] The NAC protest group soon split. Many AIC members urged the group to consider the short protest a success and end it.[10] A core group of NAC members led by Steve Fastwolf left the group to re-focus on its educational mission. Michael Chosa led the remaining campers out of NAC under the new name Chicago Indian Village (CIV) in a protest that continued in various locations until 1972.[6]
Educational programs
In 1971, NAC successfully founded its first major initiative, the Little Big Horn School. A collaboration with Chicago Public Schools, the high school addressed the needs of Native American high school students. With a federal grant of $244,000, five teachers at the Little Big Horn School taught eighty high school students and twenty preschool students. The NAC followed up the success in 1973 with the O-Wai-Ya-Wa Elementary School program. In 1974, Smith and NAC founded and Smith became the president of the Native American Educational Services College (NAES College), the only urban institution of higher learning managed by and serving Native Americans.[11][5] The college graduated more than three hundred students before discontinuing classes in 2005.[12]
See also
- American Indian Center
- Chicago Indian Village
- Native American civil rights
- Red Power movement
- Urban Indian
Notes
- ^ LaGrand 2002, p. 228–246.
- ^ Mucha 1983, p. 337–371.
- ^ Browning LeVeen 1978, p. 51.
- ^ Cutler 2006, p. 206–207.
- ^ a b Laukaitis 2015.
- ^ a b LaGrand 2002, p. 228.
- ^ Stevenson 1991.
- ^ LaGrand 2002, p. 233.
- ^ Laukaitis 2015, p. 52.
- ^ a b Browning LeVeen 1978, p. 107–108.
- ^ Straus 2003.
- ^ Cohen 2005.
References
- Cohen, Jodi S. (30 September 2005). "Native American college calls off its fall schedule". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Publishing. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
- Cutler, Irving (2006). Chicago : Metropolis of the Mid-continent (4th ed.). Carbondale: Southern Illinois Univ. Press. pp. 206–207. ISBN 9780809327010.
- LaGrand, James B. (2002). Indian Metropolis:Native Americans in Chicago 1945-75. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 230. ISBN 9780252072963.
- Langston, Donna Hightower (2003). "American Indian Women's Activism in the 1960s and 1970s.". Hypatia. 18 (2): 114–132. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2003.tb00806.x. JSTOR 3811016. S2CID 144308066. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
- Laukaitis, John (2015). Community Self-Determination: American Indian Education in Chicago, 1952–2006. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-5768-0.
- Browning LeVeen, Deborah (1978). Hustlers and Heroes: Portrait and Analysis of the Chicago Indian Village (PhD). University of Chicago.
- Mucha, Janusz (1983). "From Prairie to the City: Transformation of Chicago's American Indian Community.". Urban Anthropology. 12 (3/4): 337–371. JSTOR 40553015. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- St. Germaine, Lucllle (May 1978). "LITTLE BIG HORN HIGH SCHOOL AND PRESCHOOL: Urban Education for Native Americans" (PDF). Thresholds in Education. IV (2): 9–11. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
- Stevenson, John (3 October 1991). "Indian Affair: a celebration at NAES College". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- Terry Straus, Anne; Valentino, Debra (2003). "Gender and Community Organization Leadership in the Chicago Indian Community". American Indian Quarterly. 27 (3/4): 523–532. doi:10.1353/aiq.2004.0086. JSTOR 4138960. S2CID 161163473. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
- Suzukovich III, Eli Steven (2011). The Seen and Unseen: Religion and Identity in the Chicago American Indian Community (Dissertation). University of Montana. Retrieved 6 November 2020.