Battle of Honey Springs

7-Hydroxymitragynine (7-OH) is a terpenoid indole alkaloid from the plant Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom.[3] It was first described in 1994[4] and is a natural product derived from the mitragynine present in the kratom leaf. 7-OH binds to opioid receptors like mitragynine, but research suggests that 7-OH binds with greater potency.[5]

7-Acetoxymitragynine

Dependence and withdrawal

Main article: Mitragynine § Dependence and withdrawal

Pharmacology

7-Hydroxymitragynine, like mitragynine, appears to be a mixed opioid receptor agonist/antagonist, acting as a partial agonist at μ-opioid receptors and as a competitive antagonist at δ- and κ-opioid receptors.[6][7] It also acts on alpha 2 adrenergic and 5-HT2A receptors.[7] Evidence suggests that 7-OH is more potent than both mitragynine and morphine. 7-OH does not activate the β-arrestin pathway like traditional opioids, meaning symptoms such as respiratory depression, constipation and sedation are much less pronounced.[6]

7-OH is generated from mitragynine in vivo by hepatic metabolism and may account for a significant portion of the effects traditionally associated with mitragynine. Although 7-OH occurs naturally in kratom leaves, it does so in such low amounts that any ingested 7-OH is inconsequential compared to the 7-OH generated in the body.[6]

Metabolism

After a kratom study, it was revealed that 7-OH converts into mitragynine pseudoindoxyl.[8][9] Interestingly, this even more potent opioid was revealed to exist in a mixture of stereoisomers in biological systems.[9]

Mitragynine Pseudoindoxyl
Mitragyna speciosa alkaloids at opioid receptors
Compound Affinities (KiTooltip Inhibitor constant) Ratio Ref
MORTooltip μ-Opioid receptor DORTooltip δ-Opioid receptor KORTooltip κ-Opioid receptor MOR:DOR:KOR
7-Hydroxymitragynine 13.5 155 123 1:11:9 [10]
Mitragynine 7.24 60.3 1,100 1:8:152 [10]
Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl 0.087 3.02 79.4 1:35:913 [10]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Chemical Abstracts Service: Columbus, OH, 2004; RN 174418-82-7 (accessed via SciFinder Scholar, version 2007.3; November 30, 2011)
  2. ^ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
  3. ^ Matsumoto K, Horie S, Ishikawa H, Takayama H, Aimi N, Ponglux D, Watanabe K (March 2004). "Antinociceptive effect of 7-hydroxymitragynine in mice: Discovery of an orally active opioid analgesic from the Thai medicinal herb Mitragyna speciosa". Life Sciences. 74 (17): 2143–2155. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2003.09.054. PMID 14969718.
  4. ^ Ponglux D, Wongseripipatana S, Takayama H, Kikuchi M, Kurihara M, Kitajima M, et al. (December 1994). "A New Indole Alkaloid, 7 alpha-Hydroxy-7H-mitragynine, from Mitragyna speciosa in Thailand". Planta Medica. 60 (6): 580–581. doi:10.1055/s-2006-959578. PMID 17236085. S2CID 260252538.
  5. ^ Kruegel AC, Grundmann O (May 2018). "The medicinal chemistry and neuropharmacology of kratom: A preliminary discussion of a promising medicinal plant and analysis of its potential for abuse". Neuropharmacology. 134 (Pt A): 108–120. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.026. PMID 28830758. S2CID 24009429.
  6. ^ a b c Eastlack SC, Cornett EM, Kaye AD (June 2020). "Kratom-Pharmacology, Clinical Implications, and Outlook: A Comprehensive Review". Pain and Therapy. 9 (1): 55–69. doi:10.1007/s40122-020-00151-x. PMC 7203303. PMID 31994019.
  7. ^ a b Chang-Chien GC, Odonkor CA, Amorapanth P (2017). "Is Kratom the New 'Legal High' on the Block?: The Case of an Emerging Opioid Receptor Agonist with Substance Abuse Potential". Pain Physician. 20 (1): E195–E198. doi:10.36076/ppj.2017.1.E195. PMID 28072812.
  8. ^ Váradi A, Marrone GF, Palmer TC, Narayan A, Szabó MR, Le Rouzic V, et al. (September 2016). "Mitragynine/Corynantheidine Pseudoindoxyls As Opioid Analgesics with Mu Agonism and Delta Antagonism, Which Do Not Recruit β-Arrestin-2". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 59 (18): 8381–8397. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00748. PMC 5344672. PMID 27556704.
  9. ^ a b Kamble SH, León F, King TI, Berthold EC, Lopera-Londoño C, Siva Rama Raju K, et al. (December 2020). "Metabolism of a Kratom Alkaloid Metabolite in Human Plasma Increases Its Opioid Potency and Efficacy". ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science. 3 (6): 1063–1068. doi:10.1021/acsptsci.0c00075. PMC 7737207. PMID 33344889.
  10. ^ a b c Takayama H, Ishikawa H, Kurihara M, Kitajima M, Aimi N, Ponglux D, et al. (April 2002). "Studies on the synthesis and opioid agonistic activities of mitragynine-related indole alkaloids: discovery of opioid agonists structurally different from other opioid ligands". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 45 (9): 1949–1956. doi:10.1021/jm010576e. PMID 11960505.

Further reading

source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Hydroxymitragynine