The Brazil–France border is the line, located in the Amazon Rainforest, that limits the territories of Brazil and France. The border is located between the Brazilian state of Amapá and French Guiana. It is 730 kilometres (450 mi) in length.
It is the longest border France shares with another country, despite not being located in mainland France. The second longest is the one with Spain, at 623 kilometres (387 mi).[1] The Oyapock River defines part of the border, and is spanned by the Oyapock River Bridge, the only bridge crossing the border, which connects the towns of Saint-Georges (French Guiana) and Oiapoque (Brazil).[2]
History
The basis of this border dates back to the Peace Treaty of Utrecht signed between France and Portugal in 1713, which established the border between both the colonial holdings of both kingdoms in South America.[3] Despite the treaty specifying the Japoc River as the border, disagreement between France and Brazil (as the heir of the Portuguese Empire) continued into the following centuries due to uncertainty regarding the river's location. France considered the Japoc River mentioned in the text to correspond to the Araguari River, whereas Brazil considered it to correspond to the Oiapoque River.[4]
The dispute went on for two centuries as France and Brazil set up military posts and religious missions in what would spark the Amapá Question, an event which saw French troops invade Brazilian territory up to the Araguari river occupying approximately 260,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi) of Brazilian territory.[4]
The territorial dispute was resolved in Brazil's favor in 1900 through an international arbitration in Switzerland. The international court took documents and texts collected by France and Portugal at the time and determined that those collected by the Portuguese gave more credence towards the Brazilian claim of the border being set at the Oiapoque River. Additionally, they took the history of the territory and its inhabitants into consideration. Aside from small coastal French settlements, this region of South America was entirely populated by Brazilians and indigenous peoples who saw themselves as Brazilian nationals.[5]
As a cultural vestige of this period, small Amerindian communities still exist today in Amapá that speak Lanc-Patuá, a French-based Guyanese Creole.
See also
- Amapá Question
- Brazil–France relations
- Oyapock, the river that demarcates a large part of the border
References
- ^ "THE OYAPOCK BRIDGE – Sophot.org".
- ^ Fabio Santos (2022): Bridging Fluid Borders: Entanglements in the French-Brazilian Borderland. Abingdon: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003193555
- ^ Les grands traités du règne de Louis XIV (in French). Robarts - University of Toronto. Paris : A. Picard et fils. 1893–99. pp. 112–119.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ a b "A propos de la délimitation des frontières de la Guyane française". Annuaire français de droit international. 2 (1): 255–259. 1956. doi:10.3406/afdi.1956.1234. ISSN 0066-3085.
- ^ Ferretti, Federico (2015-05-15). "A New Map of the Franco-Brazilian Border Dispute (1900)". Imago Mundi. 67 (2): 229–241. doi:10.1080/03085694.2015.1027554. ISSN 0308-5694. S2CID 129286870.