The Ordnance ML 3-inch mortar was the United Kingdom's standard mortar used by the British Army from the early 1930s to the late 1960s, superseding the Stokes mortar. Initially handicapped by its short range compared to similar Second World War mortars, improvements of the propellant charges enabled it to be used with great satisfaction by various armies of the British Empire and of the Commonwealth.
Design
The ML 3-inch mortar is a conventional Stokes-type mortar that is muzzle-loaded and drop-fired. It also reuses many of the Brandt mortar features.[5]
History
Based on their experience in the First World War, the British infantry sought some sort of artillery for close support. The initial plan was for special batteries of artillery, but the cost was prohibitive and the mortar was accepted instead.
The Mark II mortar (Mark I was the Stokes) was adopted by the British Army in the early 1930s; and this was the standard British mortar when the Second World War broke out in September 1939. Experience in the early part of the war showed that, although the Mark II was reliable and sturdy, it did not have sufficient range compared to the German 81 mm s.GW.34 mortar. A series of experiments and trials using new propellants improved the range from 1600 yards to 2800 yards by about 1942; and, by 1943, the barrel, baseplate and sights had also been improved.[5][6] Although called the '3-inch mortar' by the British Army, its calibre was actually 3.21 in (81.5 mm).[5]
The ML 3-inch mortar was carried on three packs by infantry or on Universal Carriers.[6]
The Mark II remained in service with the British Army until replaced by the L16 81mm mortar in 1965.
Modifications
The Canadian Army modified some of its 3-inch mortars, lengthening them to increase their range. This modification was abandoned as it was considered too heavy.
The Australian Army, for its part, shortened the barrel for use in jungle.[6]
Users
Afghanistan: used by the anti-Soviet insurgents in the 1980s[7]
Australia[8]
Biafra[9]
Canada[8]
Egypt[10]
Greece
India[3]
Iraq[11]
Ireland[citation needed]
Italy (1944–1946)[citation needed]
Jordan[12]
Luxembourg[citation needed]
Myanmar
- Myanmar Army : Inherited from British-Burma Army and also bought from India.Main Medium mortar used till 1970s.[13]
New Zealand[8]
Nigeria[14]
Pakistan[1]
Philippines[citation needed]
Poland: Polish Armed Forces in the West[15]
South Yemen[16]
Tibet[citation needed]
United Kingdom[8]
Yugoslavia: Used by Yugoslavian Partisans[17]
See also
- Stokes mortar : British WWI predecessor
- List of infantry mortars
Weapons of comparable role, performance and era
- 8 cm Granatwerfer 34 – German WWII equivalent
- 82-BM-37 & 82-PM-41 – Soviet WWII equivalents
- Brandt Mle 27/31 – French WWII equivalent
- M1 mortar – US WWII equivalent
- Type 97 81 mm infantry mortar – Japanese WWII equivalent
Gallery
References
Footnotes
- ^ a b Gates, Scott; Roy, Kaushik (2014). Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-138-25298-1.
- ^ Varble, Derek (25 March 2003). The Suez Crisis 1956. Essential Histories 49. Osprey Publishing. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-84176-418-4.
- ^ a b Subramanian, L.N. (November–December 2000). "The Battle of Chushul". Bharat Rakshak Monitor. 3 (3). Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
- ^ a b Chamberlain, Peter (1975). Mortars and rockets. Gander, Terry. New York: Arco Pub. Co. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-668-03817-1. OCLC 2067459.
- ^ a b c Bishop 1998, p. 194.
- ^ a b c Norris 2002, p. 13.
- ^ Isby, David C. (1990). The War in Afghanistan 1979-1989: The Soviet Empire at High Tide. Concord Publications. p. 15. ISBN 978-9623610094.
- ^ a b c d Norris 2002, p. 43.
- ^ Jowett, Philip (2016). Modern African Wars (5): The Nigerian-Biafran War 1967–70. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Press. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-1-4728-1609-2.
- ^ Ilan, Amitzur (1996). The Origin of the Arab-Israeli Arms Race: Arms, Embargo, Military Power and Decision in the 1948 Palestine War. St Antony's Series. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 40, 133. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-13696-4. ISBN 978-1-349-13696-4.
- ^ Iraqi army equipment 1930-2017. Vol. 2. p. 18.
- ^ Young, Peter (1972). The Arab Legion. Men-at-Arms. Osprey Publishing. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-85045-084-2.
- ^ Norris 2002, p. 5.
- ^ Jowett 2016, p. 20.
- ^ Zaloga, Steven J. (1982). The Polish Army 1939–45. Men-at-Arms 117. Osprey Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-85045-417-8.
- ^ "WWII weapons in Yemen's civil war". wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com. 9 September 2018.[self-published source]
- ^ Vukšić, Velimir (July 2003). Tito's partisans 1941–45. Warrior 73. Osprey Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-84176-675-1.
Bibliography
- Bishop, Chris, ed. (1998). "Ordnance, ML 2-inch Mortar". The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II. New York: Orbis Publishing Ltd. p. 193. ISBN 0-7607-1022-8.
- Norris, John (11 December 2002). Infantry Mortars of World War II. New Vanguard 54. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-414-6.
- Boyd, David, British Mortars of the Second World War, www.wwiiequipment.com.au, retrieved 23 October 2016.
- War Office, Handbook for the Ordnance, M.L 3-Inch Mortar, Mark II, on Mounting, 3-inch Mortar, Mark I Land Service 1937, His Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1937.
- War Office, Army Council, Small Arms Training, Volume I, Pamphlet No. 9, Mortar (3-inch) 1939, His Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1937.
- War Office, Army Council, Small Arms Training, Volume I, Pamphlet No. 9, Amendment No.1, Mortar (3-inch) 1943, His Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1937.