Friedrich Ludwig Zacharias Werner (18 November 1768 – 17 January 1823) was a German poet, dramatist, and preacher. As a dramatist, he is known mainly for inaugurating the era of the so-called "tragedies of fate".
Biography
Werner was born at Königsberg in East Prussia. At the University of Königsberg, he studied law and attended Kant's lectures. Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Rousseau's German disciples were also influences that shaped his view of life.[1] He lived an irregular life and entered a series of unsuccessful marriages. However his talent was soon recognized, and in 1793 he became chamber secretary in the Prussian service in Warsaw. In 1805 he obtained a government post in Berlin, but two years later he retired from the public service in order to travel.
In the course of his travels, and by correspondence, Werner became acquainted with many eminent literary figures of the time, for example Goethe at Weimar and Madame de Staël at Coppet. At Rome, he joined the Roman Catholic Church in 1811. He was consecrated a priest in 1814 at Aschaffenburg, and, exchanging the pen for the pulpit, became a popular preacher in Vienna, where, during a congress in 1814, his eloquent sermons were listened to by crowded congregations. He was later appointed head of the chapter of the cathedral of Kaminiec.
Werner died in Vienna.
Works
He succeeded in having his plays put on the stage, where they met with much success.[1] Verdi's opera Attila is based on Werner's drama of the same name. Werner's Der 24. Februar, thus titled because his mother and an intimate friend died on that day, introduced the era of the so-called "tragedies of fate." Several of his dramatic poems were designed to evangelize freemasonry. His dramatic duology published in English as The Templars in Cyprus and The Brethren of the Cross was based on the idea that some survivors of the Templar suppression escaped to Scotland and founded Freemasonry. Beethoven considered the first part as a possible opera project.[2]
Among his titles were:
- Vermischte Gedichte, 1789
- Die Söhne des Thals, 1803-1804, in two parts
- Die Templer auf Cypern, 1803
- The Templars in Cyprus English
- Die Kreuzesbrüder, 1804
- Das Kreuz an der Ostsee, 1806
- Die Brautnacht, 1806
- Martin Luther oder die Weihe der Kraft, 1806
- Der vierundzwanzigste Februar, 1808 (translated into French by Jules Lacroix, Paris, 1849)
- Attila, König der Hunnen, romantische Tragödie, 1809
- Wanda, 1810
- Die Weihe der Unkraft, 1813, a recantation of his earlier work Martin Luther
- Kunigunde die Heilige, 1815
- Geistliche Übungen für drei Tage, 1818
- Die Mutter der Makkabäer, 1820
Zacharias Werner's Theater, a collection (without the author's consent) of Werner's work in 6 volumes, appeared in 1816-1818. Ausgewählte Schriften (Selected writings with a biography by K. J. Schütz) in 15 volumes appeared 1840-1841.[3]
Notes
- ^ a b Chisholm 1911, p. 523.
- ^ Crumey, Andrew. "Was Beethoven a Freemason?". Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ Chisholm 1911, p. 524.
References
- Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879). . The American Cyclopædia.
- Carlyle, Thomas (1828). "Life and Writings of Werner". Critical and Miscellaneous Essays: Volume I. The Works of Thomas Carlyle in Thirty Volumes. Vol. XXVI. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (published 1904). pp. 87–145.
- Baynes, T. S.; Smith, W. R., eds. (1888). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
- Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). . Encyclopedia Americana.
Attribution:
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Werner, Friedrich Ludwig Zacharias". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 523–524.
External links
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