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{{for|the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian Emperor]]|Hormizd I}} |
{{for|the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian Emperor]]|Hormizd I}} |
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[[File:Hormizd I Kushanshah on the Naqsh-e Rustam Bahram II panel.jpg|thumb|300px|Hormizd I Kushanshah on the [[Naqsh-e Rustam]] [[Bahram II]] panel.]] |
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[[File:Hormizd I Kushanshah circa AD 285-300.jpg|thumb|300px|Hormizd I Kushanshah circa 285-300 CE. Ohrmazd standing left, [[Buddhist]] [[triratana]] symbol/ [[Shiva]] standing facing on ground line, holding trident; behind, the bull [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]].]] |
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[[File:Hormizd I Kushanshah Merv mint.jpg|thumb|300px|Coin of Hormizd I Kushanshah. [[Pahlavi scripts|Pahlavi]] inscription: "The [[Ahura Mazda|Mazda]] worshipper, the divine Hormizd the great [[Kushan]] king of kings"/ Pahlavi inscription: "Exalted god, Hormizd the great Kushan king of kings", Hormizd standing right, holding investiture wreath over altar and raising left hand in benedictional gesture to [[Anahita]] holding investiture wreath and sceptre. Merv mint.]] |
[[File:Hormizd I Kushanshah Merv mint.jpg|thumb|300px|Coin of Hormizd I Kushanshah. [[Pahlavi scripts|Pahlavi]] inscription: "The [[Ahura Mazda|Mazda]] worshipper, the divine Hormizd the great [[Kushan]] king of kings"/ Pahlavi inscription: "Exalted god, Hormizd the great Kushan king of kings", Hormizd standing right, holding investiture wreath over altar and raising left hand in benedictional gesture to [[Anahita]] holding investiture wreath and sceptre. Merv mint.]] |
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'''Hormizd I Kushanshah''' was [[Kushanshah]] of the [[Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom]] from 277 till before 293. |
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[[File:Hormizd I circa 265-295 CE with fire altar.jpg|thumb|300px|Hormizd I. Crowned bust right / Figure, holding spear and wreath, emerging from fire altar.]] |
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[[Image:HormizdI.jpg|thumb|Coin of Hormizd I Kushanshah, issued in what is now [[Afghanistan]], and derived from earlier [[Kushan]] designs.]] |
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== Background == |
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He was probably a son of Sasanian king [[Bahram I]] and brother of [[Bahram II]].{{sfn|Shahbazi|2004}} |
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| ⚫ | Like the previous Kushanshahs, Hormizd I Kushanshah was, in effect, a governor of the eastern portion of the [[Sasanian Empire]], which included [[Sogdiana]], [[Bactria]] and [[Gandhara]] which had been captured following the fall of the [[Kushan Empire]] in 225.<ref name="CHI">The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3, E. Yarshater [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&pg=PA209 p.209 sq]</ref> His coins were minted at [[Kabul]], [[Balkh]], [[Herat]], and [[Merv]].{{sfn|Shahbazi|2004}} He was probably a son of the Sasanian king [[Bahram I]], who died in 274 and was succeeded by his son other son, [[Bahram II]].{{sfn|Shahbazi|2004}} It was during the reign of his brother that Hormizd I Kushanshah choose to rebel.{{sfn|Shahbazi|2004}} |
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== Reign == |
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He issued coins with the title ''Kushanshahanshah'' ("King of kings of the Kushans"), probably in defiance of imperial Sasanian rule.<ref name="CHI"/> Some of his coins imitate [[Kushan]] coinage, with king standing in Kushan military dress on the obverse, and deity Oēšo ([[Shiva]]) on the reverse.{{sfn|Shahbazi|2004}} Other coins however follow more closely the Sasanian pattern, with a king being portrayed in the Sasanian style, and with fire altar or deity on the reverse.{{sfn|Shahbazi|2004}} |
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Hormizd I Kushanshah was the first Kushano-Sasanian ruler to mint coins with the inscription of Hormizd, the "Great Kushan King of Kings" instead of the traditional "Great Kushan King" title.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=81}} The Kushano-Sasanian king, now laying claims to the title of King of Kings, which had originally also been used by the [[Kushan Empire]], displays a noteworthy transition in Kushano-Sasanian ideology and self-perception and possibly a direct dispute with the ruling branch of the Sasanian family.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=81}} Some of his coins imitate [[Kushan]] coinage, with king standing in Kushan military dress on the obverse, and deity Oēšo ([[Shiva]]) on the reverse.{{sfn|Shahbazi|2004}} Other coins however follow more closely the Sasanian pattern, with a king being portrayed in the Sasanian style, and with fire altar or deity on the reverse.{{sfn|Shahbazi|2004}} Hormizd I Kushanshah was supported in his efforts by the [[Sakastan (Sasanian province)|Sakastanis]], [[Gilan Province|Gilaks]], and Kushans.{{sfn|Daryaee|2014|p=11}} Another revolt also occured in Sakastan, led by Hormizd I Kushanshah's cousin [[Hormizd of Sakastan]], who has been suggested to be the same person as him.{{sfn|Shahbazi|2004}} However, according to [[Khodadad Rezakhani|Rezakhani]], this proposal must now be disregarded.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=81}} At the same time, a revolt led by a high-priest (''[[mowbed]]'') occured in the province of [[Khuzestan]], which was seized by the latter for a period.{{sfn|Daryaee|2014|pp=11-12}} |
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Meanwhile, the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] emperor [[Carus]], hearing of the civil war occuring in the Sasanian Empire, chose to take advantage of the situation by making a campaign into the empire in 283.{{sfn|Shahbazi|2004}} He invaded [[Mesopotamia]] while Bahram II was in the east, and even besieged the Sasanian capital of [[Ctesiphon]] without facing much fighting.{{sfn|Daryaee|2014|p=12}}{{sfn|Shahbazi|1988|pp=514–522}} The Sasanians, due to facing severe internal problems, were unable to mount an effective coordinated defense at the time; Carus and his army may have captured Ctesiphon.{{sfn|Potter|2013|p=26}} However, Carus shortly died afterwards, reportedly being struck by lightning.{{sfn|Potter|2013|p=26}} The Roman army as a result withdrew, and Mesopotamia was re-conquered by the Sasanians.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1988|pp=514–522}} The following year, Bahram II made peace with the Romans, now ruled by [[Diocletian]], who was faced with internal issues of his own.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1988|pp=514–522}}{{sfn|Daryaee|2014|p=12}} |
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Hormizd I Kushanshah seems to have led a rebellion against contemporary emperor [[Bahram II]] (276-293 CE) of the Sasanian Empire, but failed.<ref name="CHI"/> According to the ''[[Panegyrici Latini]]'' (3rd-4th century CE), there was a rebellion of a certain Ormis (Ormisdas) against his brother [[Bahram II]], and Ormis was supported by the people of Saccis ([[Sakastan]]).{{sfn|Shahbazi|2004}} [[Hormizd of Sakastan]] may or may not be identical with him. |
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Bahram II now focused to put an end to the internal troubles in his empire; by the time of his death in 293, the rebellions of Hormizd I Kushanshah and Hormizd of Sakastan had been suppressed, with Bahram II's son and heir [[Bahram III]] being appointed the governor of Sakastan, receiving the title of ''sagān-šāh'' ("King of the Sakas").{{sfn|Shahbazi|1988|pp=514–522}}{{sfn|Daryaee|2014|p=12}} Hormizd II Kushanshah was succeeded by [[Hormizd II Kushanshah]]. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 02:05, 8 April 2019
Hormizd I Kushanshah was Kushanshah of the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom from 277 till before 293.
Background
Like the previous Kushanshahs, Hormizd I Kushanshah was, in effect, a governor of the eastern portion of the Sasanian Empire, which included Sogdiana, Bactria and Gandhara which had been captured following the fall of the Kushan Empire in 225.[1] His coins were minted at Kabul, Balkh, Herat, and Merv.[2] He was probably a son of the Sasanian king Bahram I, who died in 274 and was succeeded by his son other son, Bahram II.[2] It was during the reign of his brother that Hormizd I Kushanshah choose to rebel.[2]
Reign
Hormizd I Kushanshah was the first Kushano-Sasanian ruler to mint coins with the inscription of Hormizd, the "Great Kushan King of Kings" instead of the traditional "Great Kushan King" title.[3] The Kushano-Sasanian king, now laying claims to the title of King of Kings, which had originally also been used by the Kushan Empire, displays a noteworthy transition in Kushano-Sasanian ideology and self-perception and possibly a direct dispute with the ruling branch of the Sasanian family.[3] Some of his coins imitate Kushan coinage, with king standing in Kushan military dress on the obverse, and deity Oēšo (Shiva) on the reverse.[2] Other coins however follow more closely the Sasanian pattern, with a king being portrayed in the Sasanian style, and with fire altar or deity on the reverse.[2] Hormizd I Kushanshah was supported in his efforts by the Sakastanis, Gilaks, and Kushans.[4] Another revolt also occured in Sakastan, led by Hormizd I Kushanshah's cousin Hormizd of Sakastan, who has been suggested to be the same person as him.[2] However, according to Rezakhani, this proposal must now be disregarded.[3] At the same time, a revolt led by a high-priest (mowbed) occured in the province of Khuzestan, which was seized by the latter for a period.[5]
Meanwhile, the Roman emperor Carus, hearing of the civil war occuring in the Sasanian Empire, chose to take advantage of the situation by making a campaign into the empire in 283.[2] He invaded Mesopotamia while Bahram II was in the east, and even besieged the Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon without facing much fighting.[6][7] The Sasanians, due to facing severe internal problems, were unable to mount an effective coordinated defense at the time; Carus and his army may have captured Ctesiphon.[8] However, Carus shortly died afterwards, reportedly being struck by lightning.[8] The Roman army as a result withdrew, and Mesopotamia was re-conquered by the Sasanians.[7] The following year, Bahram II made peace with the Romans, now ruled by Diocletian, who was faced with internal issues of his own.[7][6]
Bahram II now focused to put an end to the internal troubles in his empire; by the time of his death in 293, the rebellions of Hormizd I Kushanshah and Hormizd of Sakastan had been suppressed, with Bahram II's son and heir Bahram III being appointed the governor of Sakastan, receiving the title of sagān-šāh ("King of the Sakas").[7][6] Hormizd II Kushanshah was succeeded by Hormizd II Kushanshah.
References
- ^ The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3, E. Yarshater p.209 sq
- ^ a b c d e f g h Shahbazi 2004.
- ^ a b c Rezakhani 2017, p. 81.
- ^ Daryaee 2014, p. 11.
- ^ Daryaee 2014, pp. 11–12.
- ^ a b c Daryaee 2014, p. 12.
- ^ a b c d Shahbazi 1988, pp. 514–522.
- ^ a b Potter 2013, p. 26.
Sources
- Daryaee, Touraj (2014). Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–240. ISBN 0857716662.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Potter, David (2013). Constantine the Emperor. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199755868.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Frye, Richard Nelson (1984). The History of Ancient Iran. C.H.Beck. pp. 1–411. ISBN 9783406093975.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Shahbazi, A. Shapur (1988). "Bahrām II". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 5. pp. 514–522.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Frye, R. N. (1983), "Chapter 4", The political history of Iran under the Sasanians, The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-20092-9
{{citation}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2004). Hormozd Kusansah.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|encyclopedia=ignored (help) - Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–256. ISBN 9781474400305.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)