HistoryofIran (talk | contribs) Cng not RS, I wonder how many times I've had to remove cng citations by now |
HistoryofIran (talk | contribs) This is not a gallery, it's an article |
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==Coinage== |
==Coinage== |
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In his coinage, Bagadates has his portrait on the obverse, wearing the satrapal headdress and the Hellenistic diadem. On the reverse, he is either shown enthroned, or making his devotions to a fire temple. The weight standard of the coins is the [[Attic standard]], and the [[tetradrachm]] is the usual coin size, as was the usual case in the Seleucid empire.<ref name="PB">{{cite book |last1=Bilde |first1=Per |title=Religion and Religious Practice in the Seleucid Kingdom |date=1990 |publisher=Aarhus University Press |isbn=9788772883229 |page=129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrmRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> The coins are inscribed in Aramaic with the name of the ruler.<ref name="PB"/> |
In his coinage, Bagadates has his portrait on the obverse, wearing the satrapal headdress and the Hellenistic diadem. On the reverse, he is either shown enthroned, or making his devotions to a fire temple. The weight standard of the coins is the [[Attic standard]], and the [[tetradrachm]] is the usual coin size, as was the usual case in the Seleucid empire.<ref name="PB">{{cite book |last1=Bilde |first1=Per |title=Religion and Religious Practice in the Seleucid Kingdom |date=1990 |publisher=Aarhus University Press |isbn=9788772883229 |page=129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrmRAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> The coins are inscribed in Aramaic with the name of the ruler.<ref name="PB"/> |
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<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4"> |
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KINGS of PERSIS. Bagadates Early 3rd century BC.jpg|Coin of Bagadates. Fire temple of Ahura-Mazda; to left, Baydād standing right; standard to right. |
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KINGS of PERSIS. Baydād (Bagadat) Early 3rd century BC.jpg|Coin of Bagadates. |
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Image:BagdatesI290-280BCEPersia.jpg|Bagadates I (minted 290-280 BCE) wears the satrapal headdress, the ''kyrbasia'',<ref>Otto Mørkholm, ''Early Hellenistic Coinage: From the Accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamea'' (Cambridge University Press) 1991:73f.</ref> with standing earflaps and a neck-guard<ref>John Curtis, Nigel Tallis and Béatrice André-Salvini, ''Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia'' 2005:258-9, fig. 454, Silver tetradrachm of Bagadates.</ref> |
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</gallery> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 22:47, 26 September 2019
Bagadates I (Greek; from the Old Iranian Baga-dāta, "Given by [the] god"),[4] also Bagdates or Baydad (Middle Persian), was a frataraka or "Keeper of the Fire", and a governor or sub-dynast for the Seleucids during the 3rd century BCE, ruling as a priest-king at Istakhr in the former Achaemenid heartland, the territory of Persis (Fars), after Alexander the Great's conquests. He was the first indigenous Persian satrap to be appointed - or at least tolerated - by the Seleucids,[5] who held the higher administrative posts tightly within the Greco-Macedonian circle that was headed by the "Companions" and their heirs.[6]
Rule
On the reverse of his coins, Bagadates is depicted standing in front of a Zoroastrian fire-altar, or seated in majesty holding a staff of authority and possibly a pomegranate in his left hand (illustration, left). Bagadates seems to have asserted some level of independence about 280 BCE, exploiting the turmoil after the death of Seleucus I. "That the first oriental reaction to Macedonian rule should come from Persis, the homeland of the Achaemenids, is hardly surprising," Otto Mørkholm remarks.[7]
Traditionally, the Fratarakas used to be considered as independent, anti-Seleucid rulers of Persis in the 3rd century BC.[8] It seems however that they were rather representatives of the Seleucids in the region of Fārs.[8] They ruled from the end of the 3rd century BC to the beginning of the 2nd century BC, and Vahbarz or Vādfradād obtained independence circa 150 BC, when Seleucid power waned in the areas of southwestern Persia and the Persian Gulf region.[8]
The position was continued by Bagadates' son, Oborzos,[9] who emphasized the continuity by repeating the coinage type established by his father. However, some time during the 3rd century BCE the Seleucids terminated the pseudo-independence of Persis; during the 220s BCE, the satrap there was a Greek named Alexander, a brother of Molon. Persis finally drifted away from Seleucid control after the battle of Magnesia in 190 BCE.
In a surviving inscription at Amyzon in Caria, another Bagadates was appointed neokoros of the Temple of Artemis there in 321; it is surmised that his family had been potent landowners in the region before the conquests of Alexander.[10] The son of this Bagadates, Ariaramnēs,[11] succeeded him as neokoros at Amyzon.
Coinage
In his coinage, Bagadates has his portrait on the obverse, wearing the satrapal headdress and the Hellenistic diadem. On the reverse, he is either shown enthroned, or making his devotions to a fire temple. The weight standard of the coins is the Attic standard, and the tetradrachm is the usual coin size, as was the usual case in the Seleucid empire.[12] The coins are inscribed in Aramaic with the name of the ruler.[12]
References
- ^ A History of Zoroastrianism vol II & III. p. 112.
- ^ Ashmore, Harry S. (1961). Encyclopaedia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge. Encyclopaedia Britannica. p. 603.
- ^ Lukonin, Vladimir; Ivanov, Anatoly (2015). Persian Art. Parkstone International. p. 197. ISBN 9781783107964.
- ^ Since the Greek equivalent would be Theodore, it will be easily understood that there were numerous individuals bearing this name; the name of one who appears briefly in Josephus, Jewish War is discussed by Tal Ilan and Jonathan J. Price, "Seven Onomastic Problems in Josephus' 'Bellum Judaicum'", The Jewish Quarterly Review New Series 84.2/3 (October 1993: 189-2) p 196f.
- ^ (History of Iran) Jens Jacobson, "Seleucid Empire" 2004
- ^ F. W. Walbank, The Hellenistic World (Harvard University Press) 1981: "The Seleucids and the East", passim.
- ^ Mørkholm 1991:74.
- ^ a b c FRATARAKA – Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- ^ The historian Polyaenus records a stratagem of Oborzos against Hellene colonists in Persis, noted by Mørkholm , op.cit..
- ^ For instance, in Susan Sherwin-White and Amelie Kuhrt, From Samarkand to Sardis: A New Approach to the Seleucid Empire (London: Duckworth) 1993; see also P. Briant, "Les iraniens de l'Asie Mineure après la chute de l'empire achéménide", Dialogues de l'histoire ancienne 11 (1985:195).
- ^ His name recalls Ariaramnes of Persia, uncle of Cyrus the Great.
- ^ a b Bilde, Per (1990). Religion and Religious Practice in the Seleucid Kingdom. Aarhus University Press. p. 129. ISBN 9788772883229.
Sources
- Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2007), "The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period", in Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh and Sarah Stewart (ed.), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, London & New York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.
- Shayegan, M. Rahim (2011). Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–539. ISBN 9780521766418.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Sellwood, David (1983), "Minor States in Southern Iran", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, London: Cambridge UP, pp. 299–322
{{citation}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Shahbazi, A. Sh. (1986). "Arsacids i. Origins". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5. p. 525.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Wiesehöfer, Josef (2000). "Frataraka". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. X, Fasc. 2. p. 195.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Wiesehöfer, Josef (2009). "Persis, Kings of". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)