Unryū Kyūkichi (Japanese: 雲龍 久吉, 1822 – June 15, 1890; name also read as Unryū Hisakichi) was a Japanese sumo wrestler from Yanagawa, Chikugo Province. He was the sport's 10th yokozuna. Although the name of the style of the yokozuna 's in-ring ceremony is named after him, the fact that he himself practiced this style is highly debated.
Early life and career
He was born Shiozuka Kyūkichi (塩塚 久吉) in Yanagawa, Fukuoka, but would later change his name to Satō Kitarō (佐藤 喜太郎). He lost his parents and grandmother in 1833[1] and had to work to help his three younger siblings.[2] In 1841, a group from Edo-sumo, led by Oitekaze (an active ōzeki who was also a stablemaster), made a tour in Kyūshū to distract people after a period of famine. They went around and spotted the young man during an amateur tournament. Kyūkichi was reluctant to step into the ring, but Oitekaze was stunned by his ability to easily take over his opponents.[2]
He made his debut in by joining the Jinmaku stable in Osaka-sumo in the summer of 1845.[2] He was given the shikona, or ring name, of Unryū Kyūkichi (雲龍 久吉) and never changed it.[2] He later after moved to Edo in 1847, after being recruited by Edo-sumo ōzeki Oitekaze Kitarō.[3] There, he wrestled for the Yanagawa Domain and was promoted to the top makuuchi division in February 1852.[2] He was a very good fighter, but at that time, the position in the ranking was closer to a preferential treatment, so he did not receive promotions along his good performances. He won the equivalent of four consecutive tournaments. His wrestling is said to have been cautious and subdued.[2] On the occasion of Matthew C. Perry's visit to Japan, he had an opportunity to display his wrestling prowess in a tournament Perry and his military advisors attended.[1]
Yokozuna
He was promoted to ōzeki in the January 1858 tournament, and was given a yokozuna license by the Yoshida family in the September 1861 tournament.[2] As a yokozuna he was not known for his performance but rather his generosity, holding exhibition shows in his hometown and donating the proceeds to shrines, including a torii gate and lanterns. More than 10,000 spectators gathered, making the events the most successful since the founding of Yanagawa, Fukuoka.[2] In the top makuuchi division, he won 127 bouts and lost 32 bouts, recording a winning percentage of 79.9.
Retirement from sumo
He retired in February 1865 and took the name Oitekaze. He later led the Edo Sumo Association as its chairman, and he acquired a reputation for honesty. He continued to gift temples and notably gave their gates to the Ekō-in temple and the Asakusa Shrine.[2] It is said that it was under his mandate that the first three yokozuna in history (Akashi Shiganosuke, Ayagawa Gorōji and Maruyama Gondazaemon) began to be considered as official wrestlers and no longer as myths of which we did not really know if they had existed.[3] He died on June 15, 1890.
Yokozuna in-ring ceremony
The name of one style of yokozuna dohyō-iri (the yokozuna ring-entering ceremony) came from him. His ritual dance was said to be beautiful but it isn't proven that he performed the ritual movements in the Unryū-style. His style is said to have been imitated by Tachiyama Mineemon[4] but Tachiyama's style is called Shiranui-style now and Unryū is credited with inventing the Shiranui-style. The common theory is that the names of the Unryū and Shiranui styles were switched. This was due to sumo scholar Kozo Hikoyama, who without researching properly, labelled Tachiyama's style as being that of Shiranui Kōemon, whereas it was in fact created by Unryū. Hikoyama was such an authority that no one contradicted him, and the Shiranui name has stuck.[5] Some believe that the Unryū and Shiranui ring-entering ceremonies were so beautiful that only the names were retained in later generations and that the names were switched because they were not thoroughly investigated when the style were officially named.[2] It has been determined in later years from nishiki-e and photographs, what styles Unryū and Shiranui actually performed with evidence like a nishiki-e of Unryū performing a yokozuna ring-entering with his arms extended just like the Shiranui-style[6] and a photograph of Shiranui posing in the Unryū-style.[3]
Top division record
- The actual time the tournaments were held during the year in this period often varied.
| - | Spring | Winter | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1852 | East Maegashira #7 8–0–1 1d Unofficial |
East Maegashira #3 7–1–1 1draw Unofficial |
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| 1853 | East Maegashira #2 6–0–2 1d 1h Unofficial |
East Maegashira #1 8–0–2 Unofficial |
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| 1854 | East Komusubi 3–3–1 3d |
East Komusubi 5–1–1 2d 1h |
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| 1855 | Called off due to fire | Not held | ||||
| 1856 | East Komusubi 4–1–4 1h |
East Sekiwake 9–0–1 Unofficial |
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| 1857 | East Sekiwake 7–1 |
East Sekiwake 7–1–1 1h Unofficial |
||||
| 1858 | East Ōzeki 5–2–3 |
Called off due to fire | ||||
| 1859 | East Ōzeki 5–2–3 |
East Ōzeki 3–1–4 1d 1h |
||||
| 1860 | East Ōzeki 5–2–1 2d |
East Ōzeki 5–1–1 |
||||
| 1861 | East Ōzeki 3–1–6 |
East Ōzeki 7–2–1 |
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| 1862 | East Ōzeki 6–2–2 |
East Ōzeki 6–1–2 1d Unofficial |
||||
| 1863 | East Ōzeki 4–3–3 |
East Ōzeki 5–1–1 2d |
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| 1864 | East Ōzeki 5–3–1 1d |
East Ōzeki 4–3–3 |
||||
| 1865 | East Ōzeki Retired 0–0–10 |
x | ||||
| Record given as win-loss-absent Top Division Champion Retired Lower Divisions Key: d=Draw(s) (引分); h=Hold(s) (預り); nr=no result recorded Yokozuna (not ranked as such on banzuke until 1890) Ōzeki — Sekiwake — Komusubi — Maegashira |
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*Championships for the best record in a tournament were not recognized or awarded before the 1909 summer tournament and the above unofficial championships are historically conferred. For more information see yūshō.
See also
References
- ^ a b "Unryū Kyūkichi, the yokozuna who left his mark on the ring-entering ceremony (Yanagawa, Fukuoka)" (in Japanese). Yomiuri Shimbun. Archived from the original on 2008-05-29. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Atsuo Tsubota. "Biographies of Yokozuna (4th to 13th)" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 5 March 2002. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ^ a b c "10th Yokozuna Unryū Kyūkichi - Time-Line". Ozumo database (in Japanese). Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ^ "The 11th Yokozuna Shiranui Koemon". Sumo Fan Magazine. Retrieved 2007-10-10.
- ^ Castella, Stehane; Perran, Thierry (February 2006). "History and evolution of the tsuna since 1789". Le Monde Du Sumo. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
- ^ "Unryu Hisakichi, Yokozuna ring-entering ceremony, painting by Kunisada II". Sumo nishiki-e collection (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 10 July 2003. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ^ "Unryu Hisakichi Rikishi Information". Sumo Reference. Retrieved 2007-10-05.